PS 268 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Drug - Answers any substance, natural or artificial, not food, which by its chemical nature alters
structure or function in the living organism
Harm Reduction - Answers initiative to reduce damage associated with drugs other than cessation
Drug Misuse - Answers the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other
than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist
Drug Abuse - Answers the substance use in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug use
causes problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occurring
Addiction - Answers a chronic relapsing condition characterized by compulsive drug seeking and
abuse and by long lasting chemical changes in the brain
Dependence - Answers state in which the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that
it appears it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug
Tolerance - Answers condition that follows repeated ingestion of a drug in which a persons reaction to
a psycho-pharmaceutical drug decreases so larger doses are required for the same effect
Withdrawal Symptoms - Answers Abnormal physical or psychological effects that occur after stopping
a drug
Toxiciity - Answers the potential harms associated with a drug
Acute Toxicity - Answers immediate harmful effects
Chronic Toxicity - Answers harmful effects that occur after repeated use
Physiological Effects - Answers effects on body processes essential to support life like breathing or
heart rate
Behavioural Effects - Answers effects that render a person incapable of responding to their
surroundings or make poor decisions
Behavioural Toxicity - Answers toxicity resulting from behavioural effects of a drug
Physical Dependence - Answers drug dependence defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome,
implying that the body has adapted to the drugs presence
Psychological Dependence - Answers behavioural dependence indicated by a high rate of drug use,
craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after stopping use
Chemical Name - Answers specifies the complete chemical description of a drug
Generic Name - Answers a particular chemical not brand name
Brand Name - Answers specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer of a drug
Specific Effects - Answers effects of a drug that depend on the presence of the chemical at certain
concentrations in the target tissue
Dose Response Curve - Answers comparing the size of response to the amount of drug
Health Canada - Answers Who is responsible for the safety and quality of all food and drugs sold in
Canada?
What is the FDA's definition of drug? - Answers Any substance manufactured, sold or represented for
the use in diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of disease or abnormal physical state in
human beings or animals
NHP - Answers Natural Health Products
What fueled the demand for NHPs - Answers 1. Increased interest in foods being able to prevent and
treat illness
2. Belief that NHPs are better than drugs
3. Emergence of marketing that have become distributors of natural cures and preventions
What do NHP producers not have to prove that drug producers must? - Answers Drug producers need
to prove it is safe and effective, NHP producers only need to prove purity and safety NOT efficacy
Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD) - Answers Government of Canada's regulatory authority
on NHPs started in 2004, now they need to prove efficacy and have licenses. Then renamed Natural
and Non-Prescription Health Products Directorate (NNHPD 2015)
How many Canadians use NHPs? - Answers 61% regularly use, 22% on a daily basis
What are the most commonly used NHPs? - Answers Vitamins, calcium, omgea 3 fatty acids,
glucoamine, homeopathic medicine
DNA Barcoding - Answers Short sequence of DNA from standard segment in plants used to identify
the authenticity of proposed species in herbal products
St. John's Wort - Answers Originally thought to prevent possession, now used to treat anxiety and
depression but has potential to react badly with prescription drugs
, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) - Answers naturally occuring substance that is the active form of
methionine, a methyl donor, licensed in Canada to help support healthy mood balance
What NHP is used to treat men with erectile dysfunction? - Answers Ginseng
What NHP is used to enhance male sexual energy? - Answers Epimedium sagittatum, "horny goat
weed"
What is ginkgo used for? - Answers To improve memory and cognitive function
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) - Answers until 2000, an active ingredient in OTC weight-control products
What weight loss NHP is not supposed to be taken with caffeine? - Answers Ephedra
What was the first weight loss drug allowed by the US for OTC use - Answers Orlistat, can cause loose
stools and flatulence. In Canada it is prescription only
Melatonin - Answers Natural endogenous hormone produced in the pineal gland that helps increase
sleep time and quality
OTC Drug - Answers Medicines sold directly to a consumer without prescription from a health care
professional
Who regulates OTC drugs in Canada? - Answers Health Canada through the FDA
How much money do Canadians spend on OTC a year? - Answers Around $6 Billion
What does Effectiveness mean for OTC drugs - Answers Reasonable expectation that in a significant
proportion of the target population will provide clinically significant relief of the type claimed
What parts of OTC labels did Health Canada standardize? - Answers Minimum print size, required
topics (like ingredients, directions), bulleted headings for precautions and warnings, avoiding medical
terminology
National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities (NAPRA) - Answers the association that
maintains Canada's national drug without prescription scheduling system
Canada's National Drug Scheduling System - Answers Schedule I: Drugs sold only with a prescription
Schedule II: Drugs that can be sold without a prescription but must be kept behind the counter
Schedule III: Drugs that can be sold without a prescription and displayed in the pharmacy
What are the reasons for a drug not to be sold OTC - Answers Potential toxicity or other reasons that
it can only safely sold and used by prescription
What factors are driving the push to deregulate many prescription drugs - Answers - growth in
modern notions of responsbility and self care
- pharmaceutical companies seeking increased sales
- growing challenges in maintaining public and private prescription drug plans
What medical ingredients in sleep aids are currently approved? - Answers Diphenhydramine
hydrochloride and diphenhydramine citrate
Anaesthetics - Answers reduce pain by blocking consciousness completely
Analgesics - Answers reduce pain selectively without causing a loss of other sensations. divided into
two groups
Visceral pain - Answers Pain from non skeletal parts of the body like cramps, opioids are good for this
type
Somatic pain - Answers pain from muscle or bone and typified by sprains, headaches, arthritis,
salicylates (aspirin) are good for this type
What percent of people will receive pain relief from a placebo? - Answers 35%
Bayer Laboratories synthesized which major drugs? - Answers Both heroin and Aspirin
Antipyreitc - Answers fever reducing
Antihistamines - Answers temporary relief of runny nose and sneezing
Sympathomimetic Nasal Decongestances - Answers temporary relief of swollen membranes in the
nasal passages
Analgesic-Antipyretics - Answers temporary relief of aches and pains and fever reduction
What is the common antihistamine in cold products? - Answers Chlorpheniramine maleate
Mental Illness - Answers Disorders characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour and
can be associated with distress and impaired functioning
What is the 2nd leading cause of human disability and premature death in Canada? - Answers Mental
Illness
Concurrent Disorders - Answers Mental health and substance use problems occurring together
What are the two models of increased substance abuse in people with mental disorders? - Answers
Self Medication Model and Medical Model
Drug - Answers any substance, natural or artificial, not food, which by its chemical nature alters
structure or function in the living organism
Harm Reduction - Answers initiative to reduce damage associated with drugs other than cessation
Drug Misuse - Answers the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other
than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist
Drug Abuse - Answers the substance use in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug use
causes problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occurring
Addiction - Answers a chronic relapsing condition characterized by compulsive drug seeking and
abuse and by long lasting chemical changes in the brain
Dependence - Answers state in which the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that
it appears it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug
Tolerance - Answers condition that follows repeated ingestion of a drug in which a persons reaction to
a psycho-pharmaceutical drug decreases so larger doses are required for the same effect
Withdrawal Symptoms - Answers Abnormal physical or psychological effects that occur after stopping
a drug
Toxiciity - Answers the potential harms associated with a drug
Acute Toxicity - Answers immediate harmful effects
Chronic Toxicity - Answers harmful effects that occur after repeated use
Physiological Effects - Answers effects on body processes essential to support life like breathing or
heart rate
Behavioural Effects - Answers effects that render a person incapable of responding to their
surroundings or make poor decisions
Behavioural Toxicity - Answers toxicity resulting from behavioural effects of a drug
Physical Dependence - Answers drug dependence defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome,
implying that the body has adapted to the drugs presence
Psychological Dependence - Answers behavioural dependence indicated by a high rate of drug use,
craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after stopping use
Chemical Name - Answers specifies the complete chemical description of a drug
Generic Name - Answers a particular chemical not brand name
Brand Name - Answers specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer of a drug
Specific Effects - Answers effects of a drug that depend on the presence of the chemical at certain
concentrations in the target tissue
Dose Response Curve - Answers comparing the size of response to the amount of drug
Health Canada - Answers Who is responsible for the safety and quality of all food and drugs sold in
Canada?
What is the FDA's definition of drug? - Answers Any substance manufactured, sold or represented for
the use in diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of disease or abnormal physical state in
human beings or animals
NHP - Answers Natural Health Products
What fueled the demand for NHPs - Answers 1. Increased interest in foods being able to prevent and
treat illness
2. Belief that NHPs are better than drugs
3. Emergence of marketing that have become distributors of natural cures and preventions
What do NHP producers not have to prove that drug producers must? - Answers Drug producers need
to prove it is safe and effective, NHP producers only need to prove purity and safety NOT efficacy
Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD) - Answers Government of Canada's regulatory authority
on NHPs started in 2004, now they need to prove efficacy and have licenses. Then renamed Natural
and Non-Prescription Health Products Directorate (NNHPD 2015)
How many Canadians use NHPs? - Answers 61% regularly use, 22% on a daily basis
What are the most commonly used NHPs? - Answers Vitamins, calcium, omgea 3 fatty acids,
glucoamine, homeopathic medicine
DNA Barcoding - Answers Short sequence of DNA from standard segment in plants used to identify
the authenticity of proposed species in herbal products
St. John's Wort - Answers Originally thought to prevent possession, now used to treat anxiety and
depression but has potential to react badly with prescription drugs
, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) - Answers naturally occuring substance that is the active form of
methionine, a methyl donor, licensed in Canada to help support healthy mood balance
What NHP is used to treat men with erectile dysfunction? - Answers Ginseng
What NHP is used to enhance male sexual energy? - Answers Epimedium sagittatum, "horny goat
weed"
What is ginkgo used for? - Answers To improve memory and cognitive function
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) - Answers until 2000, an active ingredient in OTC weight-control products
What weight loss NHP is not supposed to be taken with caffeine? - Answers Ephedra
What was the first weight loss drug allowed by the US for OTC use - Answers Orlistat, can cause loose
stools and flatulence. In Canada it is prescription only
Melatonin - Answers Natural endogenous hormone produced in the pineal gland that helps increase
sleep time and quality
OTC Drug - Answers Medicines sold directly to a consumer without prescription from a health care
professional
Who regulates OTC drugs in Canada? - Answers Health Canada through the FDA
How much money do Canadians spend on OTC a year? - Answers Around $6 Billion
What does Effectiveness mean for OTC drugs - Answers Reasonable expectation that in a significant
proportion of the target population will provide clinically significant relief of the type claimed
What parts of OTC labels did Health Canada standardize? - Answers Minimum print size, required
topics (like ingredients, directions), bulleted headings for precautions and warnings, avoiding medical
terminology
National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities (NAPRA) - Answers the association that
maintains Canada's national drug without prescription scheduling system
Canada's National Drug Scheduling System - Answers Schedule I: Drugs sold only with a prescription
Schedule II: Drugs that can be sold without a prescription but must be kept behind the counter
Schedule III: Drugs that can be sold without a prescription and displayed in the pharmacy
What are the reasons for a drug not to be sold OTC - Answers Potential toxicity or other reasons that
it can only safely sold and used by prescription
What factors are driving the push to deregulate many prescription drugs - Answers - growth in
modern notions of responsbility and self care
- pharmaceutical companies seeking increased sales
- growing challenges in maintaining public and private prescription drug plans
What medical ingredients in sleep aids are currently approved? - Answers Diphenhydramine
hydrochloride and diphenhydramine citrate
Anaesthetics - Answers reduce pain by blocking consciousness completely
Analgesics - Answers reduce pain selectively without causing a loss of other sensations. divided into
two groups
Visceral pain - Answers Pain from non skeletal parts of the body like cramps, opioids are good for this
type
Somatic pain - Answers pain from muscle or bone and typified by sprains, headaches, arthritis,
salicylates (aspirin) are good for this type
What percent of people will receive pain relief from a placebo? - Answers 35%
Bayer Laboratories synthesized which major drugs? - Answers Both heroin and Aspirin
Antipyreitc - Answers fever reducing
Antihistamines - Answers temporary relief of runny nose and sneezing
Sympathomimetic Nasal Decongestances - Answers temporary relief of swollen membranes in the
nasal passages
Analgesic-Antipyretics - Answers temporary relief of aches and pains and fever reduction
What is the common antihistamine in cold products? - Answers Chlorpheniramine maleate
Mental Illness - Answers Disorders characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour and
can be associated with distress and impaired functioning
What is the 2nd leading cause of human disability and premature death in Canada? - Answers Mental
Illness
Concurrent Disorders - Answers Mental health and substance use problems occurring together
What are the two models of increased substance abuse in people with mental disorders? - Answers
Self Medication Model and Medical Model
