PATHO 370 Final 2026 Exam
Questions and Answers | A+
Score Assured
Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔flank
pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
What is the common composition of renal calculi? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔calcium
crystals
polycystic kidney disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔condition in which the kidney
contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter kidney function
,glomerulonephritis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔inflammation of the glomeruli of the
kidney; immune complex reaction resulting in alterations in the glomerular
capillary structure and function; mediated by IgE
Major sign/symptom of renal cancer - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔hematuria
What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔uric acid
Acute pyelonephritis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔infection of the renal pelvis usually
from an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not result in scarring or
fibrosis
What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔E. coli
Chronic Pyelonephritis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔infection of the renal pelvis that
has scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic kidney disease;
associated with reflux or processes that lead to urine stasis
clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔CVA
tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔abdominal
or flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
,what are the three phases of tubular necrosis? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔prodromal
phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase
clinical presentation of the prodromal phase? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔normal or
declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise,
clinical presentation of the oliguric phase? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔oliguria,
decreased GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required)
clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔postoliguric phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins to
increase and tubular function begins to improve fluid volume deficit until
kidneys recover
renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔elevated
phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and mineral
metabolism; kidneys are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the bones will
begin to break down
anemia in end-stage renal disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔kidneys produce
erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin will
decrease the RBC count
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, What are some common causes of CKD? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔diabetes and
hypertension
What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔ischemia
leads to acute tubular necrosis
What are some secondary conditions associated with end-stage chronic
renal disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔anemia, malnutrition, bone and mineral
disorders, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, uremic syndrome,
hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
what is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔hematuria
What can vesicoureteral reflux lead to? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔recurrent cystitis
Who is more prone to UTIs? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔sexually active women
ureterocele - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔cystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter
stress urinary incontinence - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔urine is involuntarily lost with
increases in intraabdominal pressure; occurs due to a weakening of the
pelvic muscles
Questions and Answers | A+
Score Assured
Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔flank
pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
What is the common composition of renal calculi? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔calcium
crystals
polycystic kidney disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔condition in which the kidney
contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter kidney function
,glomerulonephritis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔inflammation of the glomeruli of the
kidney; immune complex reaction resulting in alterations in the glomerular
capillary structure and function; mediated by IgE
Major sign/symptom of renal cancer - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔hematuria
What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔uric acid
Acute pyelonephritis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔infection of the renal pelvis usually
from an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not result in scarring or
fibrosis
What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔E. coli
Chronic Pyelonephritis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔infection of the renal pelvis that
has scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic kidney disease;
associated with reflux or processes that lead to urine stasis
clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔CVA
tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔abdominal
or flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
,what are the three phases of tubular necrosis? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔prodromal
phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase
clinical presentation of the prodromal phase? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔normal or
declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise,
clinical presentation of the oliguric phase? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔oliguria,
decreased GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required)
clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔postoliguric phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins to
increase and tubular function begins to improve fluid volume deficit until
kidneys recover
renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔elevated
phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and mineral
metabolism; kidneys are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the bones will
begin to break down
anemia in end-stage renal disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔kidneys produce
erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin will
decrease the RBC count
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, What are some common causes of CKD? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔diabetes and
hypertension
What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔ischemia
leads to acute tubular necrosis
What are some secondary conditions associated with end-stage chronic
renal disease - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔anemia, malnutrition, bone and mineral
disorders, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, uremic syndrome,
hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
what is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer? - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔hematuria
What can vesicoureteral reflux lead to? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔recurrent cystitis
Who is more prone to UTIs? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔sexually active women
ureterocele - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔cystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter
stress urinary incontinence - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔urine is involuntarily lost with
increases in intraabdominal pressure; occurs due to a weakening of the
pelvic muscles
