FNDH 620 UPDATED COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔How is the pentose phosphate pathway connected with fatty acid synthesis? -
✔✔NADPH (from the pentose-phosphate pathway) provides the reducing hydrogen
needed for fatty acid synthesis
✔✔What things increase/induce fatty acid synthesis? - ✔✔Insulin
High carb diet
✔✔Fatty acid elongation
(Carbon source) - ✔✔Location: Endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria
Carbon source: malonyl CoA
✔✔Fatty acid desaturation - ✔✔Adds double bonds
Location: ER
✔✔Nomenclature system used for desaturase enzymes - ✔✔Delta
✔✔What desaturase enzymes do humans not have? (i.e., humans cannot desaturate
fatty acids beyond what carbon) - ✔✔Cannot desaturate pass the 9th carbon of a FA
Delta numbering is backwards from omega numbering. There's no delta 12 or delta 15
to saturate, so we cannot create two essential fatty acids
✔✔Most common fat in food and the body - ✔✔Triglyceride
✔✔Phospholipid structure - ✔✔Phosphatidic acid - glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate
group
✔✔Why are phospholipids ideal for membranes? - ✔✔Amphiphilic
Attract both water and fat-soluble substances.
✔✔What molecules can we form from cholesterol? - ✔✔Estrogen and Androgen
DHEA
Andrenocorticoid hormones
✔✔Define amphiphilic - ✔✔Attract both water and fat soluble substances
✔✔Cholesterol synthesis
Building blocks (Carbon source)
Rate limiting enzyme - ✔✔Acetyl CoA carbon source
Rate limiting: HMG-CoA reductase
, ER and cytosol
✔✔How do statin drugs affect cholesterol synthesis? - ✔✔Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
Stops cholesterol synthesis
✔✔Most prevalent fatty acids in the western diet - ✔✔Sat: Palmitic, Stearic
Unsat: Oleic acid, Linoleic acid
14-26 carbons
90%
✔✔Lipids in food - ✔✔Common oils: sunflower, safflower, corn, oleic, coconut, and
palm
Common fats: butter, lard, and tallow
Cholesterol: animal
Simple triglycerides: all three fatty acids are the same
Mixed triglycerides: fatty acids vary
✔✔Natural sources of trans fatty acids - ✔✔Dairy and animal products (butter, lard,
tallow)
✔✔Dietary need for cholesterol - ✔✔None
✔✔Recommendations for linolenic acid and linoleic acid (per day). - ✔✔Linolenic: 800-
1,100mg
Linoleic: 12-18g
✔✔Fat AMDR - ✔✔20-35% of daily calories
✔✔Health concerns associated with essential fatty acid deficiency - ✔✔Poor dermal
integrity
Decreased epidermal water barrier
Increase in cell numbers
✔✔3 phases of lipid digestion - ✔✔Intraluminal
Mucosal
Secretory
✔✔Intraluminal phase - ✔✔Lumen of upper jejunum
Aided by emulsification by bile
Stomach forms chyme, mixes with pancreatic secretions, micelles form
✔✔Mucosal phase - ✔✔-Within SI mucosal cells micelles diffuse to surface
AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔How is the pentose phosphate pathway connected with fatty acid synthesis? -
✔✔NADPH (from the pentose-phosphate pathway) provides the reducing hydrogen
needed for fatty acid synthesis
✔✔What things increase/induce fatty acid synthesis? - ✔✔Insulin
High carb diet
✔✔Fatty acid elongation
(Carbon source) - ✔✔Location: Endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria
Carbon source: malonyl CoA
✔✔Fatty acid desaturation - ✔✔Adds double bonds
Location: ER
✔✔Nomenclature system used for desaturase enzymes - ✔✔Delta
✔✔What desaturase enzymes do humans not have? (i.e., humans cannot desaturate
fatty acids beyond what carbon) - ✔✔Cannot desaturate pass the 9th carbon of a FA
Delta numbering is backwards from omega numbering. There's no delta 12 or delta 15
to saturate, so we cannot create two essential fatty acids
✔✔Most common fat in food and the body - ✔✔Triglyceride
✔✔Phospholipid structure - ✔✔Phosphatidic acid - glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate
group
✔✔Why are phospholipids ideal for membranes? - ✔✔Amphiphilic
Attract both water and fat-soluble substances.
✔✔What molecules can we form from cholesterol? - ✔✔Estrogen and Androgen
DHEA
Andrenocorticoid hormones
✔✔Define amphiphilic - ✔✔Attract both water and fat soluble substances
✔✔Cholesterol synthesis
Building blocks (Carbon source)
Rate limiting enzyme - ✔✔Acetyl CoA carbon source
Rate limiting: HMG-CoA reductase
, ER and cytosol
✔✔How do statin drugs affect cholesterol synthesis? - ✔✔Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
Stops cholesterol synthesis
✔✔Most prevalent fatty acids in the western diet - ✔✔Sat: Palmitic, Stearic
Unsat: Oleic acid, Linoleic acid
14-26 carbons
90%
✔✔Lipids in food - ✔✔Common oils: sunflower, safflower, corn, oleic, coconut, and
palm
Common fats: butter, lard, and tallow
Cholesterol: animal
Simple triglycerides: all three fatty acids are the same
Mixed triglycerides: fatty acids vary
✔✔Natural sources of trans fatty acids - ✔✔Dairy and animal products (butter, lard,
tallow)
✔✔Dietary need for cholesterol - ✔✔None
✔✔Recommendations for linolenic acid and linoleic acid (per day). - ✔✔Linolenic: 800-
1,100mg
Linoleic: 12-18g
✔✔Fat AMDR - ✔✔20-35% of daily calories
✔✔Health concerns associated with essential fatty acid deficiency - ✔✔Poor dermal
integrity
Decreased epidermal water barrier
Increase in cell numbers
✔✔3 phases of lipid digestion - ✔✔Intraluminal
Mucosal
Secretory
✔✔Intraluminal phase - ✔✔Lumen of upper jejunum
Aided by emulsification by bile
Stomach forms chyme, mixes with pancreatic secretions, micelles form
✔✔Mucosal phase - ✔✔-Within SI mucosal cells micelles diffuse to surface
