NURS 5315 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Mast cell. Answer: Cellular bags of granules located in loose
connective tisssue close to blood vessels. Activation initiates
inflammatory process.
⩥ Histamine. Answer: Causes vasodilation, increases vascular
permeability, increases blood flow to the site of injury- causes
erythema and swelling.
⩥ Cytokines. Answer: Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation
of innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells.
Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or
be more delayed.
⩥ Leukotrines. Answer: Released when mast cells degranulate,
prolong the inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract
neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.target of inhibition for
singular.
⩥ Prostaglandins. Answer: Released when mast cells degranulate, are
produced by the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet
aggregation at site of injury, pain, and fever.
,⩥ Chemotactic factors. Answer: Biochemical substance that attracts
leukocyte to the site of inflammation
⩥ Neutrophils. Answer: Predominant leukocyte at work during the
early stages of acute inflammation
⩥ Monocytes. Answer: Become macrophages when entering the
tissue, responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which
triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
⩥ Cytokine IL1 function. Answer: Causes fever, activates phagocytes
& lymphocytes and also increases the release of IL6a
⩥ Cytokine IL6 function. Answer: Stimulates production of acute
phase reactants and promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
⩥ Cytokine TNF function. Answer: Causes fever, increases synthesis
of proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces
thrombosis
⩥ Cytokine growth factor function. Answer: Promotes production and
maturation of neutrophils
, ⩥ Complement. Answer: Functions include bacterial lysis,
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, triggers mast cell
degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
⩥ Kinin. Answer: Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for
pain and chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and
vasodilation.
⩥ Coagulation cascade. Answer: Factor XII activates kinin. Function
is to form fibrin mesh to stop bleeding and trap micro organisms.
⩥ COX1. Answer: Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides
gastroprotection, platelet aggregation, fluid/electrolyte balance
⩥ COX2. Answer: Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway.
Responsible for pain, fever, renal protection, tissue repair,
reproduction development.
⩥ COX2 inhibitors- clinical implications. Answer: Protect gastric
mucosa- prevent ulcers and bleeding. Removed from market r/t
cardiac events except for Celebrex. Can impair renal function ,
monitor labs.
⩥ Arachidonic pathway purpose. Answer: Synthesis of prostaglandins
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ Mast cell. Answer: Cellular bags of granules located in loose
connective tisssue close to blood vessels. Activation initiates
inflammatory process.
⩥ Histamine. Answer: Causes vasodilation, increases vascular
permeability, increases blood flow to the site of injury- causes
erythema and swelling.
⩥ Cytokines. Answer: Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation
of innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells.
Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or
be more delayed.
⩥ Leukotrines. Answer: Released when mast cells degranulate,
prolong the inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract
neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.target of inhibition for
singular.
⩥ Prostaglandins. Answer: Released when mast cells degranulate, are
produced by the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet
aggregation at site of injury, pain, and fever.
,⩥ Chemotactic factors. Answer: Biochemical substance that attracts
leukocyte to the site of inflammation
⩥ Neutrophils. Answer: Predominant leukocyte at work during the
early stages of acute inflammation
⩥ Monocytes. Answer: Become macrophages when entering the
tissue, responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which
triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
⩥ Cytokine IL1 function. Answer: Causes fever, activates phagocytes
& lymphocytes and also increases the release of IL6a
⩥ Cytokine IL6 function. Answer: Stimulates production of acute
phase reactants and promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
⩥ Cytokine TNF function. Answer: Causes fever, increases synthesis
of proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces
thrombosis
⩥ Cytokine growth factor function. Answer: Promotes production and
maturation of neutrophils
, ⩥ Complement. Answer: Functions include bacterial lysis,
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, triggers mast cell
degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
⩥ Kinin. Answer: Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for
pain and chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and
vasodilation.
⩥ Coagulation cascade. Answer: Factor XII activates kinin. Function
is to form fibrin mesh to stop bleeding and trap micro organisms.
⩥ COX1. Answer: Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides
gastroprotection, platelet aggregation, fluid/electrolyte balance
⩥ COX2. Answer: Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway.
Responsible for pain, fever, renal protection, tissue repair,
reproduction development.
⩥ COX2 inhibitors- clinical implications. Answer: Protect gastric
mucosa- prevent ulcers and bleeding. Removed from market r/t
cardiac events except for Celebrex. Can impair renal function ,
monitor labs.
⩥ Arachidonic pathway purpose. Answer: Synthesis of prostaglandins
