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EDUC 181 Exam II latest
updated questions with
100% accurate solutions
questions and prompts from each chapter that you should be able to
respond to in order to succeed on the exam. You can download or
print this document and fill it in to study.
Exam II
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH IN HDFS
• Define and distinguish between empirical, basic, and applied
research o Empirical research occurs when individuals use
systematic observations to test hypotheses, answer research
questions, and generate plausible explanations. Empirical
research relies on data that are collected in an organized manner
to uncover a specific set of questions.
o Basic research is a type of empirical research and is
conducted to test and build theories. The main purpose of
basic research is to develop theories and generate general
information, with less emphasis placed on real-world
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applications. Play around with ideas to develop theoretical
models that explain human behavior.
o Applied research is another type of empirical research that
continuously informs the work we do with individuals and
families. Applied research is aimed at solving day-today
problems within the area of HDFS.
• Describe the practical application of HDFS in each of the
following domains:
o Public education: Child development specialist,
counselors, program planners o Medical profession: Child life
specialist, Health and Wellness Coordinator, Research o
Social service profession: Family and Financial counselor,
Policy Advocate, Program Manager o Parents/family:
Improved Parenting, Enhanced Family Dynamics, Lifespan
Understanding o HDFS students: Career Foundation, Skill
Developmeny, Internship/Entry-Level Experience
• Distinguish between probability and non-probability sampling :
o Probability sampling (random sampling) means that every
person from, a known group has an equal opportunity to
be selected to participate in the study. Studies using
probability sampling typically have higher levels of external
validity, which is the degree of confidence a researcher has
their findings can be generalized to the larger population or
other samples.
o Nonprobability sampling means that not every individual
of a larger group has a known and equal chance of
participating in research. Using nonprobability sampling
can lead to the results of the study being more generalized
to a lesser degree as the study has lower external vilify.
• Define the following terms and give examples to illustrate them:
o Beneficence: means that the well-being of participants is
ensured and that any possible risks associated with
participating in the research are minimized. The benefits of
the study must outweigh any potential risks for participants.
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o Respect for persons: means that researchers provide
potential participants with detailed information about the
procedures of a study prior to participation, which allows
individuals to make an informed decision as to whether
they want to participate.
o Justice: deals with the idea that all participants should be
dealt fairly and equally. Justice also entails that researchers
carefully select their participants so that no group is unfairly
targeted for participation because of the group’s easy
availability or manipulability
• Discuss the difference between validity and reliability o
Measurement validity refers to the idea that the measure
successfully and accurately captures the theoretical construct.
o Reliability refers to the idea that the construct is measured
in a consistent manner.
• Distinguish between the following research designs: These designs
allow researchers to study how variables of interest are related to
individuals’ ages.
o Longitudinal: Examine the same group of participants,
about the same age, across time. In longitudinal studies,
researchers can assess how individuals change and mature
over time. One limitation of the methodology though is
that there are possible crossgenerational effects. In allows
researchers to see how one generation matures but we may
not find the same patterns with subsequent generation who
are exposed to other cultural and historical circumstances.
o Cross-sectional studies: allow researchers to study different
ages of participants at approximately the same time. Each
participant’s chronological age is then the major variable of
interest. The main limitation of cross-sectional studies is that
they do not consider generational effects. In the study, it is
then difficult to tell whether differences are due specifically
to age or cultural and historical changes. o Cross-sequential
studies: allow researchers to get the best of both worlds; that
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is, they combine the hallmarks of longitudinal and cross-
sectional studies.
• Distinguish between experimental and quasi-experimental
studies and discuss why someone would conduct a quasi-
experimental study o Experimental studies use random
assignment to create control and treatment groups to establish a
cause-and-affect relationship, while quasi-experimental studies
lack random assignment and instead use pre-existing groups or
non-random criteria to evaluate the impact of an intervention. A
quasi-experimental study is conducted when a true experiment is
not feasible or ethical due to practical constraints like cost, time,
or ethical issues.
• Outline the differences between qualitative and quantitative
studies and describe how they differ in terms of the following:
o Samples: Quantitative is Random and Qualitative is
Purposeful o Type of analysis: Quantitative is Statistical and
Qualitative is Themes/Patterns o Goals of analysis:
Quantitative is test/describe/predict and Qualitative is
explore/develop theory
o Measurement assumptions: Quantitative is accurate
measure in numbers and Qualitative is experience can’t be
measured in numbers
o Position on objective truths: Quantitative is largely objective
“truth” and Qualitative is somewhat subjective “truth”
• Give an example of each of the methods:
o Observational: May take the form of either quantitative or
qualitative research. The central feature of observational
research is researchers gathering data by observing
individuals’ behaviors.
o Ethnographies: are one popular qualitative method used to
study culture in-depth.
Ethnographies typically are conducted by researchers to
gather a very detailed and
FOR MORE EXAMS
EMAIL:
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University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill
EDUC 181 Exam II latest
updated questions with
100% accurate solutions
questions and prompts from each chapter that you should be able to
respond to in order to succeed on the exam. You can download or
print this document and fill it in to study.
Exam II
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH IN HDFS
• Define and distinguish between empirical, basic, and applied
research o Empirical research occurs when individuals use
systematic observations to test hypotheses, answer research
questions, and generate plausible explanations. Empirical
research relies on data that are collected in an organized manner
to uncover a specific set of questions.
o Basic research is a type of empirical research and is
conducted to test and build theories. The main purpose of
basic research is to develop theories and generate general
information, with less emphasis placed on real-world
FOR MORE EXAMS
EMAIL:
,FOR MORE EXAMS
EMAIL:
applications. Play around with ideas to develop theoretical
models that explain human behavior.
o Applied research is another type of empirical research that
continuously informs the work we do with individuals and
families. Applied research is aimed at solving day-today
problems within the area of HDFS.
• Describe the practical application of HDFS in each of the
following domains:
o Public education: Child development specialist,
counselors, program planners o Medical profession: Child life
specialist, Health and Wellness Coordinator, Research o
Social service profession: Family and Financial counselor,
Policy Advocate, Program Manager o Parents/family:
Improved Parenting, Enhanced Family Dynamics, Lifespan
Understanding o HDFS students: Career Foundation, Skill
Developmeny, Internship/Entry-Level Experience
• Distinguish between probability and non-probability sampling :
o Probability sampling (random sampling) means that every
person from, a known group has an equal opportunity to
be selected to participate in the study. Studies using
probability sampling typically have higher levels of external
validity, which is the degree of confidence a researcher has
their findings can be generalized to the larger population or
other samples.
o Nonprobability sampling means that not every individual
of a larger group has a known and equal chance of
participating in research. Using nonprobability sampling
can lead to the results of the study being more generalized
to a lesser degree as the study has lower external vilify.
• Define the following terms and give examples to illustrate them:
o Beneficence: means that the well-being of participants is
ensured and that any possible risks associated with
participating in the research are minimized. The benefits of
the study must outweigh any potential risks for participants.
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EMAIL:
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o Respect for persons: means that researchers provide
potential participants with detailed information about the
procedures of a study prior to participation, which allows
individuals to make an informed decision as to whether
they want to participate.
o Justice: deals with the idea that all participants should be
dealt fairly and equally. Justice also entails that researchers
carefully select their participants so that no group is unfairly
targeted for participation because of the group’s easy
availability or manipulability
• Discuss the difference between validity and reliability o
Measurement validity refers to the idea that the measure
successfully and accurately captures the theoretical construct.
o Reliability refers to the idea that the construct is measured
in a consistent manner.
• Distinguish between the following research designs: These designs
allow researchers to study how variables of interest are related to
individuals’ ages.
o Longitudinal: Examine the same group of participants,
about the same age, across time. In longitudinal studies,
researchers can assess how individuals change and mature
over time. One limitation of the methodology though is
that there are possible crossgenerational effects. In allows
researchers to see how one generation matures but we may
not find the same patterns with subsequent generation who
are exposed to other cultural and historical circumstances.
o Cross-sectional studies: allow researchers to study different
ages of participants at approximately the same time. Each
participant’s chronological age is then the major variable of
interest. The main limitation of cross-sectional studies is that
they do not consider generational effects. In the study, it is
then difficult to tell whether differences are due specifically
to age or cultural and historical changes. o Cross-sequential
studies: allow researchers to get the best of both worlds; that
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is, they combine the hallmarks of longitudinal and cross-
sectional studies.
• Distinguish between experimental and quasi-experimental
studies and discuss why someone would conduct a quasi-
experimental study o Experimental studies use random
assignment to create control and treatment groups to establish a
cause-and-affect relationship, while quasi-experimental studies
lack random assignment and instead use pre-existing groups or
non-random criteria to evaluate the impact of an intervention. A
quasi-experimental study is conducted when a true experiment is
not feasible or ethical due to practical constraints like cost, time,
or ethical issues.
• Outline the differences between qualitative and quantitative
studies and describe how they differ in terms of the following:
o Samples: Quantitative is Random and Qualitative is
Purposeful o Type of analysis: Quantitative is Statistical and
Qualitative is Themes/Patterns o Goals of analysis:
Quantitative is test/describe/predict and Qualitative is
explore/develop theory
o Measurement assumptions: Quantitative is accurate
measure in numbers and Qualitative is experience can’t be
measured in numbers
o Position on objective truths: Quantitative is largely objective
“truth” and Qualitative is somewhat subjective “truth”
• Give an example of each of the methods:
o Observational: May take the form of either quantitative or
qualitative research. The central feature of observational
research is researchers gathering data by observing
individuals’ behaviors.
o Ethnographies: are one popular qualitative method used to
study culture in-depth.
Ethnographies typically are conducted by researchers to
gather a very detailed and
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