NCE/LPC Exam Study Guide
Questions and Answers (updated
2026)
Ego'sBneedBforBimmediateBgratification.B-BAnswerPleasureBPrinciple
TheBcauseBorB____________ofBabnormalBbehaviorBisBdifficultBtoBdetermineBinBmostBcases.B-
BAnswerEtiology
AnBindividualBwhoBisBhappy,autonomous,B&BcreativeBhasBreachedB______________.B-
BAnswerSelf-actualization
ThisBisBnecessaryBfromBparentsBforBchildrenBtoBdevelopBhealthyBconcepts.B(Rogers)B-
BAnswerUnconditionalBPositiveBRegard
AccomplishedBbyBrewardingBsuccessBofBdesiredBbehavior.B-BAnswerShaping
LearningBmethodBinvolvingBtheBconditioningBofBnewBstimuliBtoBexistingBresponses.B-
BAnswerClassicalBConditioning
ABbehaviorBmodificationBusedBtoBestablishBnewBbehavior.B-BAnswerreinforcement
TheBdesignationsB"common,"B"personal,"B&B"cardinal"BreferBtoB______________.B-
BAnswerTraitBTheory
IndividualsBareBinBanBinteractionalBrelationshipBwithBtheirBenvironment.B-
BAnswercontextualBworldview
FreudBbelievedBhumanBbehaviorBisBmainlyBmotivatedBbyBtheBpsychosexualBenergyBcalledB____
______.B-BAnswerlibido
RelearningBbyBusingBaBparticularBstimulusBtoBestablishBaBnew,BmoreBadaptiveBresponseB-
BAnswercounterBconditioning
,IdeaBthatBthereBareBmanyBdifferentBwaysBtoBinterpretBevents,BeachBoneBleadingBtoBdifferentB
behaviors.B-BAnswerKelly'sBconceptBofBConstructiveBAlternativism
ABsevereBpsychologicalBdisorderBinvolvingBlossBofBcontactBwithBreality.B-BAnswerPsychosis
ProcessBofBdevelopmentBandBbodyBchangeBresultingBfromBheredityBratherBthanBlearning.B-
BAnswerMaturation
VicariousBconditioningBoccursBthroughBobserved________.B-BAnswermodeling
TheBunpleasantnessBofB_________motivatesBindividualsBtoBavoidBorBreduceBinconsistenciesBin
BcognitiveBstructure.B-BAnswercognitiveBdissonance
UsedBbyBindividualsBtoBmaintainBfeelingsBofBadequacyBandBself-
worthBratherBthanBcopingBdirectlyBwithBaBstressfulBsituation.B-BAnswerdefenseBmechanisms
UsedBtoBhelpBreduceBanxietyBexperiencedBbyBanBagoraphobicBclient.B-
BAnswersystematicBdesensitization
SkinnerBbelievesBtheBsocialBenvironmentBprovidesBaBvarietyBofB__________toBhelpBshapeBhu
manBbehavior.B-BAnswerconsequences
PatternsBofB____________thatBmayBbeBorganic,Bpsychological,BorBsocioculturalBinBorigin.B-
BAnswerabnormalBbehavior
TheBtendencyBtowardBsubjectiveBfunctioning,BwithBtheBselfBbeingBofBgreatestBimportance.B-
BAnswerJung'sBtheoryBofBIntroversion
BehaviorBmodificationBprogramsBinBschools/groupBhomesBusedBtoBmotivateBparticipants.B-
BAnswertokenBeconomy
ThisBapproachBtoBhumanBfunctioningBstressesBtheBimportanceBofBeachBindividual'sBperception
BofBreality.B-BAnswerPhenomenological
, EmphasizesBtheBimportanceBofBgeneticBandBphysicalBcontributorsBtoBmaladaptiveBbehavior.B-
BAnswerbiologicalBviewpoint
UseBofBfamilyBconstellationB-BAnswerAdler
traitsBandBvaluesB-BAnswerAllport
vicariousBconditioningB-BAnswerBandura
16BPersonalityBFactorBQuestionairreB-BAnswerCattell
stageBtheoryBofBdevelopmentB-BAnswerErikson
CognitiveBdissonanceB-BAnswerFestinger
id,Bego,BsuperegoB-BAnswerFreud
introversion-extroversionB-BAnswerJung
cognitiveBmeaningBmakingB-BAnswerKegan
RoleBConstructBRepertoryBTestB-BAnswerKelly
JusticeBReasoningB&BMoralBdevelopmentB-BAnswerKohlberg
LifeBSpaceB-BAnswerLewin
seven-stageBegoBdevelopmentB-BAnswerLoevinger
Self-actualizationB-BAnswerMaslow
Questions and Answers (updated
2026)
Ego'sBneedBforBimmediateBgratification.B-BAnswerPleasureBPrinciple
TheBcauseBorB____________ofBabnormalBbehaviorBisBdifficultBtoBdetermineBinBmostBcases.B-
BAnswerEtiology
AnBindividualBwhoBisBhappy,autonomous,B&BcreativeBhasBreachedB______________.B-
BAnswerSelf-actualization
ThisBisBnecessaryBfromBparentsBforBchildrenBtoBdevelopBhealthyBconcepts.B(Rogers)B-
BAnswerUnconditionalBPositiveBRegard
AccomplishedBbyBrewardingBsuccessBofBdesiredBbehavior.B-BAnswerShaping
LearningBmethodBinvolvingBtheBconditioningBofBnewBstimuliBtoBexistingBresponses.B-
BAnswerClassicalBConditioning
ABbehaviorBmodificationBusedBtoBestablishBnewBbehavior.B-BAnswerreinforcement
TheBdesignationsB"common,"B"personal,"B&B"cardinal"BreferBtoB______________.B-
BAnswerTraitBTheory
IndividualsBareBinBanBinteractionalBrelationshipBwithBtheirBenvironment.B-
BAnswercontextualBworldview
FreudBbelievedBhumanBbehaviorBisBmainlyBmotivatedBbyBtheBpsychosexualBenergyBcalledB____
______.B-BAnswerlibido
RelearningBbyBusingBaBparticularBstimulusBtoBestablishBaBnew,BmoreBadaptiveBresponseB-
BAnswercounterBconditioning
,IdeaBthatBthereBareBmanyBdifferentBwaysBtoBinterpretBevents,BeachBoneBleadingBtoBdifferentB
behaviors.B-BAnswerKelly'sBconceptBofBConstructiveBAlternativism
ABsevereBpsychologicalBdisorderBinvolvingBlossBofBcontactBwithBreality.B-BAnswerPsychosis
ProcessBofBdevelopmentBandBbodyBchangeBresultingBfromBheredityBratherBthanBlearning.B-
BAnswerMaturation
VicariousBconditioningBoccursBthroughBobserved________.B-BAnswermodeling
TheBunpleasantnessBofB_________motivatesBindividualsBtoBavoidBorBreduceBinconsistenciesBin
BcognitiveBstructure.B-BAnswercognitiveBdissonance
UsedBbyBindividualsBtoBmaintainBfeelingsBofBadequacyBandBself-
worthBratherBthanBcopingBdirectlyBwithBaBstressfulBsituation.B-BAnswerdefenseBmechanisms
UsedBtoBhelpBreduceBanxietyBexperiencedBbyBanBagoraphobicBclient.B-
BAnswersystematicBdesensitization
SkinnerBbelievesBtheBsocialBenvironmentBprovidesBaBvarietyBofB__________toBhelpBshapeBhu
manBbehavior.B-BAnswerconsequences
PatternsBofB____________thatBmayBbeBorganic,Bpsychological,BorBsocioculturalBinBorigin.B-
BAnswerabnormalBbehavior
TheBtendencyBtowardBsubjectiveBfunctioning,BwithBtheBselfBbeingBofBgreatestBimportance.B-
BAnswerJung'sBtheoryBofBIntroversion
BehaviorBmodificationBprogramsBinBschools/groupBhomesBusedBtoBmotivateBparticipants.B-
BAnswertokenBeconomy
ThisBapproachBtoBhumanBfunctioningBstressesBtheBimportanceBofBeachBindividual'sBperception
BofBreality.B-BAnswerPhenomenological
, EmphasizesBtheBimportanceBofBgeneticBandBphysicalBcontributorsBtoBmaladaptiveBbehavior.B-
BAnswerbiologicalBviewpoint
UseBofBfamilyBconstellationB-BAnswerAdler
traitsBandBvaluesB-BAnswerAllport
vicariousBconditioningB-BAnswerBandura
16BPersonalityBFactorBQuestionairreB-BAnswerCattell
stageBtheoryBofBdevelopmentB-BAnswerErikson
CognitiveBdissonanceB-BAnswerFestinger
id,Bego,BsuperegoB-BAnswerFreud
introversion-extroversionB-BAnswerJung
cognitiveBmeaningBmakingB-BAnswerKegan
RoleBConstructBRepertoryBTestB-BAnswerKelly
JusticeBReasoningB&BMoralBdevelopmentB-BAnswerKohlberg
LifeBSpaceB-BAnswerLewin
seven-stageBegoBdevelopmentB-BAnswerLoevinger
Self-actualizationB-BAnswerMaslow