GMS6440 FUNDAMENTALS || 100% ERRORLESS
ANSWERS.
In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the main muscle type
(True/False) correct answers True
In our body, approx. 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100
ml of water is secreted into the feces.
(True/False) correct answers True
Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle- lung- right atrium-
right ventricle.
(True/False) correct answers False.
Right atrium-right ventricle-lung-left atrium-left ventricle.
Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung.
(True/False) correct answers False.
It is the opposite.
In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli.
(True/False) correct answers True
The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders.
(True/False) correct answers False.
2 Kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder.
Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's capsule-
proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of henle- collecting duct.
(True/False) correct answers False.
Bowman's capsule- proximal tubule- loop of henle- distal tubule- collecting duct.
Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors.
(True/False) correct answers True.
The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath is called the nodes of Rnavier where
action potential is insulated.
(True/False) correct answers False. Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential
propagates faster by skipping myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another
node.
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely
moving across the membrane? correct answers Lipids (phospholipids)
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater?
Cytoplasm or extracellular fluid? correct answers Cytoplasm
, Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is (passive through a channel or an active
event)? correct answers Passive through a channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater?
Cytoplasm or Extracellular fluid? correct answers Extracellular fluid
Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a
compartment of high concentration to low concentration.
(True/False) correct answers False, it moves into the cell with sodium from low to high
concentration
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? correct answers At
equilibrium
What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across
a cell membrane? correct answers Concentration (chemical) gradient
The electrochemical equlibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is controlled
by the concentration gradient.
(True/False) correct answers True.
Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus chemical
concentration gradients.
(True/False) correct answers True
Which ion is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting" potential?
correct answers K+
Excessive extracellular acid (i.e. [H+]) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion
concentration.
(True/False) correct answers True, hyperkalemia is acidic blood due to increase in potassium ion
concentration in extracellular fluid
Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permability as well as ion
concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane.
(True/False) correct answers True.
Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a condition of
hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma).
(True/False) correct answers True, rhabdomyolysis muscle crush causes increase in potassium in
the blood, which is leaked back into the cardiac cell. This makes the cell potential to become
depolarized (less negative)
A normal lean person consists of ~95% water.
(True/False) correct answers False, ~60% water
ANSWERS.
In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the main muscle type
(True/False) correct answers True
In our body, approx. 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100
ml of water is secreted into the feces.
(True/False) correct answers True
Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle- lung- right atrium-
right ventricle.
(True/False) correct answers False.
Right atrium-right ventricle-lung-left atrium-left ventricle.
Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung.
(True/False) correct answers False.
It is the opposite.
In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli.
(True/False) correct answers True
The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders.
(True/False) correct answers False.
2 Kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder.
Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's capsule-
proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of henle- collecting duct.
(True/False) correct answers False.
Bowman's capsule- proximal tubule- loop of henle- distal tubule- collecting duct.
Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors.
(True/False) correct answers True.
The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath is called the nodes of Rnavier where
action potential is insulated.
(True/False) correct answers False. Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential
propagates faster by skipping myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another
node.
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely
moving across the membrane? correct answers Lipids (phospholipids)
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater?
Cytoplasm or extracellular fluid? correct answers Cytoplasm
, Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is (passive through a channel or an active
event)? correct answers Passive through a channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater?
Cytoplasm or Extracellular fluid? correct answers Extracellular fluid
Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a
compartment of high concentration to low concentration.
(True/False) correct answers False, it moves into the cell with sodium from low to high
concentration
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? correct answers At
equilibrium
What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across
a cell membrane? correct answers Concentration (chemical) gradient
The electrochemical equlibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is controlled
by the concentration gradient.
(True/False) correct answers True.
Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus chemical
concentration gradients.
(True/False) correct answers True
Which ion is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting" potential?
correct answers K+
Excessive extracellular acid (i.e. [H+]) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion
concentration.
(True/False) correct answers True, hyperkalemia is acidic blood due to increase in potassium ion
concentration in extracellular fluid
Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permability as well as ion
concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane.
(True/False) correct answers True.
Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a condition of
hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma).
(True/False) correct answers True, rhabdomyolysis muscle crush causes increase in potassium in
the blood, which is leaked back into the cardiac cell. This makes the cell potential to become
depolarized (less negative)
A normal lean person consists of ~95% water.
(True/False) correct answers False, ~60% water
