PSE 324 (2) Questions With Complete Solutions
Cultural Iceberg Model (Kohls) - (ANSWER)Metaphor explaining that culture consists of visible elements
above the surface and deeper, less visible elements below the surface
Visible culture (iceberg) - (ANSWER)Cultural elements that are known, visible, and easily understood
External behaviours (culture) - (ANSWER)Policies, procedures, customs, language, and shared history
Invisible culture (iceberg) - (ANSWER)Cultural elements that are less known, less conscious, and not
immediately visible
Values (cultural iceberg) - (ANSWER)Core beliefs about what is important or desirable
Assumptions (cultural iceberg) - (ANSWER)Taken-for-granted beliefs about reality
Worldviews (cultural iceberg) - (ANSWER)Shared perspectives through which people interpret the world
Ways of thinking (cultural iceberg) - (ANSWER)Culturally shaped cognitive patterns
Emotional component (culture) - (ANSWER)Culture carries an important emotional dimension, especially
in its invisible elements
Morphological level of culture - (ANSWER)Visible actions, behaviours, and ways people organize and
prioritize their lives
Structural level of culture - (ANSWER)Ways of thinking and conceiving one's relationship with the world
Mythical level of culture - (ANSWER)Ways of perceiving or understanding the world that predetermine
behaviour
, PSE 324 (2) Questions With Complete Solutions
Symbols (Hofstede) - (ANSWER)Words, gestures, images, or objects with shared cultural meaning
Heroes (Hofstede) - (ANSWER)People, real or imaginary, who embody cultural values
Rituals (Hofstede) - (ANSWER)Collective activities considered socially essential
Values (Hofstede) - (ANSWER)Deep preferences for certain states of affairs over others
National culture level - (ANSWER)Culture shared within a nation
Ethnic-religious culture level - (ANSWER)Culture shared by ethnic or religious groups
Organisational culture level - (ANSWER)Culture within organizations
Occupational culture level - (ANSWER)Culture associated with professions
Generational culture level - (ANSWER)Culture shaped by age groups
Gender culture level - (ANSWER)Culture influenced by gender roles
Hofstede cultural dimensions study - (ANSWER)Large empirical study on cultural differences
Hofstede study timeframe - (ANSWER)Conducted between 1967 and 1973
Hofstede study participants - (ANSWER)More than 116,000 IBM employees worldwide
Countries in Hofstede study - (ANSWER)50 different countries
Cultural Iceberg Model (Kohls) - (ANSWER)Metaphor explaining that culture consists of visible elements
above the surface and deeper, less visible elements below the surface
Visible culture (iceberg) - (ANSWER)Cultural elements that are known, visible, and easily understood
External behaviours (culture) - (ANSWER)Policies, procedures, customs, language, and shared history
Invisible culture (iceberg) - (ANSWER)Cultural elements that are less known, less conscious, and not
immediately visible
Values (cultural iceberg) - (ANSWER)Core beliefs about what is important or desirable
Assumptions (cultural iceberg) - (ANSWER)Taken-for-granted beliefs about reality
Worldviews (cultural iceberg) - (ANSWER)Shared perspectives through which people interpret the world
Ways of thinking (cultural iceberg) - (ANSWER)Culturally shaped cognitive patterns
Emotional component (culture) - (ANSWER)Culture carries an important emotional dimension, especially
in its invisible elements
Morphological level of culture - (ANSWER)Visible actions, behaviours, and ways people organize and
prioritize their lives
Structural level of culture - (ANSWER)Ways of thinking and conceiving one's relationship with the world
Mythical level of culture - (ANSWER)Ways of perceiving or understanding the world that predetermine
behaviour
, PSE 324 (2) Questions With Complete Solutions
Symbols (Hofstede) - (ANSWER)Words, gestures, images, or objects with shared cultural meaning
Heroes (Hofstede) - (ANSWER)People, real or imaginary, who embody cultural values
Rituals (Hofstede) - (ANSWER)Collective activities considered socially essential
Values (Hofstede) - (ANSWER)Deep preferences for certain states of affairs over others
National culture level - (ANSWER)Culture shared within a nation
Ethnic-religious culture level - (ANSWER)Culture shared by ethnic or religious groups
Organisational culture level - (ANSWER)Culture within organizations
Occupational culture level - (ANSWER)Culture associated with professions
Generational culture level - (ANSWER)Culture shaped by age groups
Gender culture level - (ANSWER)Culture influenced by gender roles
Hofstede cultural dimensions study - (ANSWER)Large empirical study on cultural differences
Hofstede study timeframe - (ANSWER)Conducted between 1967 and 1973
Hofstede study participants - (ANSWER)More than 116,000 IBM employees worldwide
Countries in Hofstede study - (ANSWER)50 different countries
