NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 3 ACTUAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"?
Answer: - do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
◉ according to the universal definition, what is "HF" Answer: -
clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
◉ who is most at risk for HF Answer: black males and females; older
women
◉ two biggest causes of HF Answer: 1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
,◉ calculate EF Answer: SV/LVEDV
◉ synonym for inotropy Answer: contraction (HFrEF)
◉ synonym for lusitropy Answer: relaxation (HFpEF)
◉ two organizations for classification of HF Answer: 1. American
Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on
physical activity limitations
◉ how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF Answer:
cardiac dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural
abnormalities, they have HF
◉ compensatory mechanisms for HF Answer: 1. Hemodynamics
(Frank Starling Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to
increase contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia,
vasoconstriction)
, 3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor -
vasoconstriction)
◉ two types of angiotensin II Answer: 1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
◉ effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF Answer: - causes
vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
◉ are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? Answer: 20x higher than
normal
◉ effects of aldosterone on HF Answer: - increases sodium and
water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
◉ list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease
Answer: - dyslipidemia
EXAM 3 ACTUAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"?
Answer: - do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
◉ according to the universal definition, what is "HF" Answer: -
clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
◉ who is most at risk for HF Answer: black males and females; older
women
◉ two biggest causes of HF Answer: 1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
,◉ calculate EF Answer: SV/LVEDV
◉ synonym for inotropy Answer: contraction (HFrEF)
◉ synonym for lusitropy Answer: relaxation (HFpEF)
◉ two organizations for classification of HF Answer: 1. American
Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on
physical activity limitations
◉ how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF Answer:
cardiac dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural
abnormalities, they have HF
◉ compensatory mechanisms for HF Answer: 1. Hemodynamics
(Frank Starling Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to
increase contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia,
vasoconstriction)
, 3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor -
vasoconstriction)
◉ two types of angiotensin II Answer: 1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
◉ effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF Answer: - causes
vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
◉ are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? Answer: 20x higher than
normal
◉ effects of aldosterone on HF Answer: - increases sodium and
water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
◉ list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease
Answer: - dyslipidemia
