100% CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
CORRECT = 100
100
INCORRECT=0
STUDY MATERIALS.......DESIGNED TO HELP YOU SUCCEED
SPOTLIGHT 1
1
, AND 100% CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!!!!2026|GUARANTEED PASS|GRADED
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - ANSWER Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - ANSWER 1.
Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to
form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for
ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - ANSWER Heart disease, Alzheimers,
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart
disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein
synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin
C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
2
, 5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - ANSWER Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron -
-> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - ANSWER Point at which depolarization must reach in order to
initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -
100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony,
paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ANSWER HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex:
closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T
waves
Atrophy - ANSWER Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased
in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply,
hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished
function and may lead to cellular death.
3
CORRECT = 100
100
INCORRECT=0
STUDY MATERIALS.......DESIGNED TO HELP YOU SUCCEED
SPOTLIGHT 1
1
, AND 100% CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!!!!2026|GUARANTEED PASS|GRADED
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - ANSWER Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - ANSWER 1.
Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to
form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for
ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - ANSWER Heart disease, Alzheimers,
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart
disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein
synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin
C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
2
, 5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - ANSWER Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron -
-> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - ANSWER Point at which depolarization must reach in order to
initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -
100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony,
paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ANSWER HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex:
closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T
waves
Atrophy - ANSWER Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased
in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply,
hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished
function and may lead to cellular death.
3
