NURS 615 Exam 1 Questions and Answers A+
Guaranteed
What happens with type 4 hypersensitivity - ANSWER It is a delayed sensitivity:
the present antigen will bind and begin to attack the affected cells -localized
destruction
example of type 4 hypersensitivity - ANSWER PPD test - TB test (If you are
positive, the present antigen will bind and begin to attack the affected cells - thus
the positive result -local destruction) or contact dermatitis - poison ivy
What three meds should not be combined with St. Johns wort? - ANSWER SSRI
antidepressants, Warfarin, Birth control
What happens when St. John's Word is combined with SSRI antidepressants -
ANSWER It increases serotonin levels causing serotonin syndrome.
What happens when St. John's Word is combined with birth control - ANSWER It
decreases the efficacy of the contraceptive; unplanned pregnancies
What happens when St. John's Word is combined with Warfarin - ANSWER st.
john's wort oral will decrease the level or effect of warfarin oral by altering drug
metabolism.
St. John's Wort also ____ the effectiveness of - ANSWER HIV medications,
cholesterol medications, and transplant medications
Activation of Alpha 2 receptors results in - ANSWER Decreases of HR and BP
How does Alpha 2 receptors lower BP? - ANSWER By reducing sympathetic
function, it produces compensatory effects on blood pressure, resulting in retention
of sodium and blood volume. Bc of this, they may be given with a diuretic.
ALpha 1 receptors are located mainly on... - ANSWER Vascular smooth muscle
(blood vessels, arteries, veins, urinary sphincters,)
, Alpha 1 leads to... - ANSWER vasoconstriction, dialation of pupil, contraction,
urinary retention, glycogenolysis, inhibition or renin release
Glycogenelysis is - ANSWER breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Alpha 1 leads to inhibition of renin release which effects BP by - ANSWER Renin
is excreted by the kidneys and helps to lower BP
Alpha 2 recpetors are generally considered to work with the..... - ANSWER GI
system
Alpha 2 receptors affect the pancreas by - ANSWER inhibiting insulin production
Beta 1 receptors are located mainly on the X and lead to X HR - ANSWER heart;
increased HR
Another place to find Beta 1 receptors is on the X, which releases X - ANSWER
Kidney, renin; which increases BP
Beta 2 receptors are mainly located on the X, but also located on; - ANSWER
Lungs (bronchial smooth muscles - bronchodilation); vascular smooth muscle
(relaxation of blood vessels (vasodilation); GI tract and uterus muscle relaxation,
(decreases contractions and motility); pancreas (increases insulin production)
Beta 3 receptors are mainly located in X tissue - ANSWER adipose; breakdown of
stored fat; also found in urinary bladder (relaxes bladder preventing urination)
adrenergic agonsists are made of 2 groups called... - ANSWER catacholemine,
non catacholemine
There are 3 types of adrenergic agonists - ANSWER direct acting, indirect
acting,mixed action
Direct acting agonsists bind to - ANSWER alpha and beta receptors mimic NP
and epinephrine. Non-selective -
Main route of direct acting agonists - ANSWER IV administration
vasoconstriciton results in - ANSWER increased cardiac output, increased BP
, Norepinephrine stimulates which receptors - ANSWER Alpha 1 - vasoconstriction
(increased BP)
Indications for Norepinephrine - ANSWER cardiac arrest and hypotensive shock
The three main meds of direct acting agonists (non-selective) - ANSWER
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing? - ANSWER Low
albumin = more free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) =
increased adverse effects
What is a Black Box Warning: - ANSWER is considered a contraindication to
administer that drug.
What is the drugs half-life? - ANSWER Half-life specifically means the amount of
time it takes for an administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Peak of action: - ANSWER the time between drug administration and maximum
concentration of drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Duration of action: - ANSWER the time between onset of action and metabolism
of drug below the minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the
drug in your system.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process? -
ANSWER The first step is to define the patient's problem
The second step is to - ANSWER specify the therapeutic objective
The third step is to - ANSWER choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Step 4 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER Start the treatment
Step 5 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER Educate the patient
Step 6 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER Monitor the treatment
Phase 1 of drug development: - ANSWER The drug is tested on healthy
volunteers
, Phase 2 of drug development: - ANSWER trials with people who have the disease
for which the drug is thought to be effective
Phase 3 of drug development: - ANSWER Large numbers of patients in medical
research centers receive the drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides
information about infrequent or rare adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new
drug application if phase 3 studies are satisfactory.
Steps of rational drug prescribing - ANSWER 1. define patients problem
2. specify therapeutic objective
3. choose the treatment
4.start the treatment
5. educate the patient
6. Monitor effectiveness
I Can PresCribE A Drug - ANSWER Indication
Contraindications
Precautions
Cost/Compliance
Efficacy
Adverse effects
Dose/Duration/Direction
WHO's prescribing process - ANSWER 1. define the problem
2. therapeutic objective
3. choose standard treatment
4. start treatment
5. Education
6. monitor treatment
What is off label prescribing - ANSWER Writing a drug or dose of drug not for its
intended purpose
What does FDA regulate - ANSWER Drug approval, safety, efficacy, labeling,
manufacturing, post market surveillance.
receptors - ANSWER large molecules (usually proteins) that interact and medicate
drug action.
Guaranteed
What happens with type 4 hypersensitivity - ANSWER It is a delayed sensitivity:
the present antigen will bind and begin to attack the affected cells -localized
destruction
example of type 4 hypersensitivity - ANSWER PPD test - TB test (If you are
positive, the present antigen will bind and begin to attack the affected cells - thus
the positive result -local destruction) or contact dermatitis - poison ivy
What three meds should not be combined with St. Johns wort? - ANSWER SSRI
antidepressants, Warfarin, Birth control
What happens when St. John's Word is combined with SSRI antidepressants -
ANSWER It increases serotonin levels causing serotonin syndrome.
What happens when St. John's Word is combined with birth control - ANSWER It
decreases the efficacy of the contraceptive; unplanned pregnancies
What happens when St. John's Word is combined with Warfarin - ANSWER st.
john's wort oral will decrease the level or effect of warfarin oral by altering drug
metabolism.
St. John's Wort also ____ the effectiveness of - ANSWER HIV medications,
cholesterol medications, and transplant medications
Activation of Alpha 2 receptors results in - ANSWER Decreases of HR and BP
How does Alpha 2 receptors lower BP? - ANSWER By reducing sympathetic
function, it produces compensatory effects on blood pressure, resulting in retention
of sodium and blood volume. Bc of this, they may be given with a diuretic.
ALpha 1 receptors are located mainly on... - ANSWER Vascular smooth muscle
(blood vessels, arteries, veins, urinary sphincters,)
, Alpha 1 leads to... - ANSWER vasoconstriction, dialation of pupil, contraction,
urinary retention, glycogenolysis, inhibition or renin release
Glycogenelysis is - ANSWER breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Alpha 1 leads to inhibition of renin release which effects BP by - ANSWER Renin
is excreted by the kidneys and helps to lower BP
Alpha 2 recpetors are generally considered to work with the..... - ANSWER GI
system
Alpha 2 receptors affect the pancreas by - ANSWER inhibiting insulin production
Beta 1 receptors are located mainly on the X and lead to X HR - ANSWER heart;
increased HR
Another place to find Beta 1 receptors is on the X, which releases X - ANSWER
Kidney, renin; which increases BP
Beta 2 receptors are mainly located on the X, but also located on; - ANSWER
Lungs (bronchial smooth muscles - bronchodilation); vascular smooth muscle
(relaxation of blood vessels (vasodilation); GI tract and uterus muscle relaxation,
(decreases contractions and motility); pancreas (increases insulin production)
Beta 3 receptors are mainly located in X tissue - ANSWER adipose; breakdown of
stored fat; also found in urinary bladder (relaxes bladder preventing urination)
adrenergic agonsists are made of 2 groups called... - ANSWER catacholemine,
non catacholemine
There are 3 types of adrenergic agonists - ANSWER direct acting, indirect
acting,mixed action
Direct acting agonsists bind to - ANSWER alpha and beta receptors mimic NP
and epinephrine. Non-selective -
Main route of direct acting agonists - ANSWER IV administration
vasoconstriciton results in - ANSWER increased cardiac output, increased BP
, Norepinephrine stimulates which receptors - ANSWER Alpha 1 - vasoconstriction
(increased BP)
Indications for Norepinephrine - ANSWER cardiac arrest and hypotensive shock
The three main meds of direct acting agonists (non-selective) - ANSWER
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing? - ANSWER Low
albumin = more free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) =
increased adverse effects
What is a Black Box Warning: - ANSWER is considered a contraindication to
administer that drug.
What is the drugs half-life? - ANSWER Half-life specifically means the amount of
time it takes for an administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Peak of action: - ANSWER the time between drug administration and maximum
concentration of drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Duration of action: - ANSWER the time between onset of action and metabolism
of drug below the minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the
drug in your system.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process? -
ANSWER The first step is to define the patient's problem
The second step is to - ANSWER specify the therapeutic objective
The third step is to - ANSWER choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Step 4 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER Start the treatment
Step 5 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER Educate the patient
Step 6 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER Monitor the treatment
Phase 1 of drug development: - ANSWER The drug is tested on healthy
volunteers
, Phase 2 of drug development: - ANSWER trials with people who have the disease
for which the drug is thought to be effective
Phase 3 of drug development: - ANSWER Large numbers of patients in medical
research centers receive the drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides
information about infrequent or rare adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new
drug application if phase 3 studies are satisfactory.
Steps of rational drug prescribing - ANSWER 1. define patients problem
2. specify therapeutic objective
3. choose the treatment
4.start the treatment
5. educate the patient
6. Monitor effectiveness
I Can PresCribE A Drug - ANSWER Indication
Contraindications
Precautions
Cost/Compliance
Efficacy
Adverse effects
Dose/Duration/Direction
WHO's prescribing process - ANSWER 1. define the problem
2. therapeutic objective
3. choose standard treatment
4. start treatment
5. Education
6. monitor treatment
What is off label prescribing - ANSWER Writing a drug or dose of drug not for its
intended purpose
What does FDA regulate - ANSWER Drug approval, safety, efficacy, labeling,
manufacturing, post market surveillance.
receptors - ANSWER large molecules (usually proteins) that interact and medicate
drug action.
