PSYC 140 UPDATED EXAMINATION TEST QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Fixed-interval (FI) schedule - ✔✔Specifies a constant time interval that must elapse
before a single response will produce the reinforcer.
✔✔Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule - ✔✔The number of responses required per reinforcer is
the same every time.
✔✔Frequency - ✔✔Number of behaviors per unit of time
✔✔Generalization - ✔✔Responding similarly to different stimuli
✔✔Generalization (operant) - ✔✔When a novel stimulus resembling the SD evokes the
response, despite that response never having been reinforced in the presence of that
novel stimulus.
✔✔Generalization (Pavlovian) - ✔✔When a novel stimulus resembling the CS evokes
the response, despite no prior experience with the novel stimulus signaling the US.
✔✔Generalization gradient - ✔✔A graph depicting increases in responding as the novel
antecedent stimulus more closely resembles the SD or CS.
✔✔Group experimental designs - ✔✔These designs evaluate if the behavior of a
treatment group (independent variable ON) is statistically significantly different from that
of a control group (independent variable OFF). If so, then the difference is attributed to
the independent variable.
✔✔Habituation - ✔✔Decrease in responding with repeated stimulus presentations
✔✔Habituation - ✔✔Gradual reduction in responding following repeated presentations
of the eliciting stimulus.
✔✔Independent variable - ✔✔A publicly observable change, controlled by the
experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way.
✔✔Instrumental behavior - ✔✔A synonym of operant behavior.
✔✔Intermittent reinforcement - ✔✔The response is sometimes but not always
reinforced.
✔✔Internal validity - ✔✔When an experiment provides clear evidence that a functional
relation exists between the independent variable and behavior change, that experiment
has ____. validity.
, ✔✔Interobserver agreement (IOA) - ✔✔The extent to which two independent observers'
data are the same after having directly observed the same behavior at the same time.
✔✔Interresponse time (IRT) - ✔✔Interval between consecutive responses
✔✔Intertrial interval (ITI) - ✔✔Time between two consecutive trials
✔✔Interval schedule - ✔✔Reinforcement occurs as a result of time passing and one
response
✔✔Interval schedule - ✔✔Specifies the amount of time that must elapse before a single
response will produce the reinforcer.
✔✔Latency - ✔✔A dimension of behavior - the interval of time between the opportunity
to respond and the response itself.
✔✔Learning - ✔✔Relatively enduring change in behavior due to experience
✔✔Magnitude - ✔✔A dimension of behavior - the force or intensity of a behavior.
✔✔Negative punishment - ✔✔Remove a stimulus, decrease the odds of responding
✔✔Negative reinforcement - ✔✔Remove a stimulus, increase the odds of responding
✔✔Neutral stimulus - ✔✔A stimulus that has no behavioral function. For example, it
neither elicits nor evokes the response of interest.
✔✔Noncontingent consequence - ✔✔A consequence occurring after the response, but
not because the response caused it to occur.
✔✔Operant behavior - ✔✔A generic class of responses influenced by antecedents, with
each response in the class producing the same consequence.
✔✔Operant conditioning - ✔✔Consequences to behavior change the odds of the
behavior occurring later
✔✔Operant extinction - ✔✔Responses are no longer followed by a consequence
✔✔Operant extinction - ✔✔Responding that meets the reinforcement contingency no
longer produces the reinforcer and, as a result, falls to baseline (no-reinforcer) levels.
✔✔Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) - ✔✔Direct relation between prior
reinforcement rate and how quickly behavior undergoes extinction. If the behavior has
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Fixed-interval (FI) schedule - ✔✔Specifies a constant time interval that must elapse
before a single response will produce the reinforcer.
✔✔Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule - ✔✔The number of responses required per reinforcer is
the same every time.
✔✔Frequency - ✔✔Number of behaviors per unit of time
✔✔Generalization - ✔✔Responding similarly to different stimuli
✔✔Generalization (operant) - ✔✔When a novel stimulus resembling the SD evokes the
response, despite that response never having been reinforced in the presence of that
novel stimulus.
✔✔Generalization (Pavlovian) - ✔✔When a novel stimulus resembling the CS evokes
the response, despite no prior experience with the novel stimulus signaling the US.
✔✔Generalization gradient - ✔✔A graph depicting increases in responding as the novel
antecedent stimulus more closely resembles the SD or CS.
✔✔Group experimental designs - ✔✔These designs evaluate if the behavior of a
treatment group (independent variable ON) is statistically significantly different from that
of a control group (independent variable OFF). If so, then the difference is attributed to
the independent variable.
✔✔Habituation - ✔✔Decrease in responding with repeated stimulus presentations
✔✔Habituation - ✔✔Gradual reduction in responding following repeated presentations
of the eliciting stimulus.
✔✔Independent variable - ✔✔A publicly observable change, controlled by the
experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way.
✔✔Instrumental behavior - ✔✔A synonym of operant behavior.
✔✔Intermittent reinforcement - ✔✔The response is sometimes but not always
reinforced.
✔✔Internal validity - ✔✔When an experiment provides clear evidence that a functional
relation exists between the independent variable and behavior change, that experiment
has ____. validity.
, ✔✔Interobserver agreement (IOA) - ✔✔The extent to which two independent observers'
data are the same after having directly observed the same behavior at the same time.
✔✔Interresponse time (IRT) - ✔✔Interval between consecutive responses
✔✔Intertrial interval (ITI) - ✔✔Time between two consecutive trials
✔✔Interval schedule - ✔✔Reinforcement occurs as a result of time passing and one
response
✔✔Interval schedule - ✔✔Specifies the amount of time that must elapse before a single
response will produce the reinforcer.
✔✔Latency - ✔✔A dimension of behavior - the interval of time between the opportunity
to respond and the response itself.
✔✔Learning - ✔✔Relatively enduring change in behavior due to experience
✔✔Magnitude - ✔✔A dimension of behavior - the force or intensity of a behavior.
✔✔Negative punishment - ✔✔Remove a stimulus, decrease the odds of responding
✔✔Negative reinforcement - ✔✔Remove a stimulus, increase the odds of responding
✔✔Neutral stimulus - ✔✔A stimulus that has no behavioral function. For example, it
neither elicits nor evokes the response of interest.
✔✔Noncontingent consequence - ✔✔A consequence occurring after the response, but
not because the response caused it to occur.
✔✔Operant behavior - ✔✔A generic class of responses influenced by antecedents, with
each response in the class producing the same consequence.
✔✔Operant conditioning - ✔✔Consequences to behavior change the odds of the
behavior occurring later
✔✔Operant extinction - ✔✔Responses are no longer followed by a consequence
✔✔Operant extinction - ✔✔Responding that meets the reinforcement contingency no
longer produces the reinforcer and, as a result, falls to baseline (no-reinforcer) levels.
✔✔Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) - ✔✔Direct relation between prior
reinforcement rate and how quickly behavior undergoes extinction. If the behavior has
