NSG-
300 Topic 8 Medication Administratio
xc xc xc xc
n
NSG 300: TOPIC 8 Q AND A
rightxcsidexcofxcthexcheartxchasxc-xcanswer--deoxygenatedxcblood
leftxcsidexcofxcthexcheartxchasxc-xcanswer--oxygenatedxcblood
Whatxcarexcearlyxcsignsxcofxchypoxia?xc-xcanswer--Restlessness,xcheadache,xcfatigue,xcSOB.
thexcventriclesxc____xcwithxcbloodxcduringxcdiastolexc-xcanswer--fill
thexcventriclesxc______xcwithxcbloodxcduringxcsystolexc-xcanswer--empty
strokexcvolumexc-xcanswer--Thexcvolumexcofxcbloodxcejectedxcfromxcthexcventriclesxcduringxcsystole
sterlingsxclawxc-xcanswer--Asxcthexcmyocardiumxcstretches,xcthexcstrengthxcofxcthexcsubsequentxccontractionxcincreases
S1xcheartxcsoundxc"Lub"xc-xcanswer--mitralxcandxctricuspidxcvalvesxcclose
s2xcheartxcsoundxc"dub"xc-xcanswer--aorticxcandxcpulmonicxcclose
cardiacxcoutputxc-xcanswer--Thexcvolumexcofxcbloodxcejectedxcfromxcthexcleftxcventriclexceachxcminute.
whatxcisxcnormalxccardiacxcoutputxc-xcanswer--4xctoxc6xcL/min
strokexcvolumexc-xcanswer--Amountxcofxcbloodxcejectedxcfromxcthexcleftxcventriclexcwithxceachxccontraction
Cardiacxcoutputxcequationxc-xcanswer--COxc=xcHR(heartxcrate)xcxxcS(strokexcvolume)
thexccirculatingxcbloodxcvolumexcchangesxcaccordingxctoxcthe....xc-xcanswer--
oxygenxcandxcmetabolicxcneedsxcofxcthexcbody
preloadxc-xcanswer--Thexcamountxcofxcbloodxcinxcthexcleftxcventriclexcatxcthexcendxcofxcdiastole,xcoftenxcreferredxctoxcasxcen
diastolicxcvolume.
afterloadxc-xcanswer--Resistancexctoxcleftxcventricularxcejection
myocardialxccontractilityxc-xcanswer--Thexcabilityxcofxcthexcheartxcmusclexctoxccontract.
whatxccanxcaffectxcmyocardialxccontractilityxc-xcanswer--
oxcInjuryxctoxcthexcmyocardialxcmusclexcsuchxcasxcanxcacutexcMIxccausesxcaxcdecreasexcinxcmyocardialxccontractility.
oxcThexcmyocardiumxcofxcthexcolderxcadultxcisxcstifferxcwithxcaxcslowerxcventricularxcfillingxcratexcandxcprolongedxccontracti
xctime.
wherexcshouldxcelectricalxcimpulsesxcoriginatexcfromxc-xcanswer--
SAxcnodexc(ifxctheyxcdon'txcstartxcinxcthexcSAxcnodexcitxccanxccausexcconductionxcdisturbances)
1xc/
xc8
, NSG-
300 Topic 8 Medication Administratio
xc xc xc xc
dysrhythmiasn - answer--Rhythm disturbances, meaning a deviation from
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xcthexcnormalxcsinusxcheartxcrhythm
tachycardiaxc-xcanswer--greaterxcthanxc100xcbpmxc(fastxcHR)
bradycardiaxc-xcanswer--lessxcthanxc60xcbpmxc(slowxcHR)
Tachydysrhythmiasxcandxcbradydysrhythmiasxclower...xc-xcanswer--cardiacxcoutputxcandxcbloodxcpressure.
atrialxcfibrillationxc-xcanswer--rapid,xcrandom,xcineffectivexccontractionsxcofxcthexcatriumxc"quivering"
Paroxysmalxcsupraventricularxctachycardiaxc-xcanswer--
Axcsudden,xcrapidxconsetxcofxctachycardiaxcoriginatingxcabovexcthexcAVxcnode.
-
Itxcoftenxcbeginsxcandxcendsxcspontaneously.xcSometimesxcexcitement,xcfatigue,xccaffeine,xcsmoking,xcorxcalcoholxcuse
recipitatesxcparoxysmalxcsupraventricularxctachycardia
Ventricularxctachycardiaxcandxcventricularxcfibrillationxcare...xc-xcanswer--life-
threateningxcrhythmsxcthatxcrequirexcimmediatexcintervention.
Ventricularxctachycardiaxcisxcaxclife-threateningxcdysrhythmiaxcbecausexc-xcanswer--
thexcdecreasedxccardiacxcoutputxcandxcthexcpotentialxctoxcdeterioratexcintoxcventricularxcfibrillationxcorxcsuddenxccardiacx
ath.
Left-sidedxcheartxcfailurexcs/sxc-xcanswer--
fatigue,xcbreathlessness,xcdizziness,xcandxcconfusionxcasxcaxcresultxcofxctissuexchypoxiaxcfromxcthexcdiminishedxccardiac
output.
Left-sidedxcheartxcfailurexcclinicalxcfindingsxc-xcanswer--
cracklesxcinxcthexcbasesxcofxcthexclungsxconxcauscultation,xchypoxia,xcshortnessxcofxcbreathxconxcexertion,xccough,xcandxc
roxysmalxcnocturnalxcdyspnea.
Right-sidedxcheartxcfailurexcclinicalxcfindingsxc-xcanswer--
weightxcgain,xcdistendedxcneckxcveins,xchepatomegalyxcandxcsplenomegaly,xcandxcdependentxcperipheralxcedema.
Myocardialxcischemiaxc-xcanswer--
resultsxcwhenxcthexcsupplyxcofxcbloodxctoxcthexcmyocardiumxcfromxcthexccoronaryxcarteriesxcisxcinsufficientxctoxcmeetxcmyo
ardialxcoxygenxcdemands.
Valvularxcheartxcdiseasexc-xcanswer--
anxcacquiredxcorxccongenitalxcdisorderxcofxcaxccardiacxcvalvexcthatxccausesxceitherxchardeningxc(stenosis)xcorxcimpairedxc
osurexc(regurgitation)xcofxcthexcvalves.xcWhenxcstenosisxcoccurs,xcthexcflowxcofxcbloodxcthroughxcthexcvalvesxcisxcobstruc
d.xcWhenxcthexcventriclesxccontract,xcbloodxcescapesxcbackxcintoxcthexcatria,xccausingxcaxcmurmur,xcorxc"whooshing"xcsou
d.
Anginaxcpectorisxc-xcanswer--
axctransientxcimbalancexcbetweenxcmyocardialxcoxygenxcsupplyxcandxcdemand,xcresultingxcinxcchestxcpainxcthatxcisxcachi
,xcsharp,xctingling,xcorxcburningxcorxcthatxcfeelsxclikexcpressure.
ChestxcpainxcassociatedxcwithxcMIxcinxcmenxc-xcanswer--
describedxcasxccrushing,xcsqueezing,xcorxcstabbing.xcThexcpainxcisxcoftenxcinxcthexcleftxcchestxcandxcsternalxcarea;xcmayxcb
cfeltxcinxcthexcback;xcandxcradiatesxcdownxcthexcleftxcarmxctoxcthexcneck,xcjaws,xcteeth,xcepigastricxcarea,xcandxcback
2xc/
xc8
300 Topic 8 Medication Administratio
xc xc xc xc
n
NSG 300: TOPIC 8 Q AND A
rightxcsidexcofxcthexcheartxchasxc-xcanswer--deoxygenatedxcblood
leftxcsidexcofxcthexcheartxchasxc-xcanswer--oxygenatedxcblood
Whatxcarexcearlyxcsignsxcofxchypoxia?xc-xcanswer--Restlessness,xcheadache,xcfatigue,xcSOB.
thexcventriclesxc____xcwithxcbloodxcduringxcdiastolexc-xcanswer--fill
thexcventriclesxc______xcwithxcbloodxcduringxcsystolexc-xcanswer--empty
strokexcvolumexc-xcanswer--Thexcvolumexcofxcbloodxcejectedxcfromxcthexcventriclesxcduringxcsystole
sterlingsxclawxc-xcanswer--Asxcthexcmyocardiumxcstretches,xcthexcstrengthxcofxcthexcsubsequentxccontractionxcincreases
S1xcheartxcsoundxc"Lub"xc-xcanswer--mitralxcandxctricuspidxcvalvesxcclose
s2xcheartxcsoundxc"dub"xc-xcanswer--aorticxcandxcpulmonicxcclose
cardiacxcoutputxc-xcanswer--Thexcvolumexcofxcbloodxcejectedxcfromxcthexcleftxcventriclexceachxcminute.
whatxcisxcnormalxccardiacxcoutputxc-xcanswer--4xctoxc6xcL/min
strokexcvolumexc-xcanswer--Amountxcofxcbloodxcejectedxcfromxcthexcleftxcventriclexcwithxceachxccontraction
Cardiacxcoutputxcequationxc-xcanswer--COxc=xcHR(heartxcrate)xcxxcS(strokexcvolume)
thexccirculatingxcbloodxcvolumexcchangesxcaccordingxctoxcthe....xc-xcanswer--
oxygenxcandxcmetabolicxcneedsxcofxcthexcbody
preloadxc-xcanswer--Thexcamountxcofxcbloodxcinxcthexcleftxcventriclexcatxcthexcendxcofxcdiastole,xcoftenxcreferredxctoxcasxcen
diastolicxcvolume.
afterloadxc-xcanswer--Resistancexctoxcleftxcventricularxcejection
myocardialxccontractilityxc-xcanswer--Thexcabilityxcofxcthexcheartxcmusclexctoxccontract.
whatxccanxcaffectxcmyocardialxccontractilityxc-xcanswer--
oxcInjuryxctoxcthexcmyocardialxcmusclexcsuchxcasxcanxcacutexcMIxccausesxcaxcdecreasexcinxcmyocardialxccontractility.
oxcThexcmyocardiumxcofxcthexcolderxcadultxcisxcstifferxcwithxcaxcslowerxcventricularxcfillingxcratexcandxcprolongedxccontracti
xctime.
wherexcshouldxcelectricalxcimpulsesxcoriginatexcfromxc-xcanswer--
SAxcnodexc(ifxctheyxcdon'txcstartxcinxcthexcSAxcnodexcitxccanxccausexcconductionxcdisturbances)
1xc/
xc8
, NSG-
300 Topic 8 Medication Administratio
xc xc xc xc
dysrhythmiasn - answer--Rhythm disturbances, meaning a deviation from
xc xc xc xc xc xc xc xcthexcnormalxcsinusxcheartxcrhythm
tachycardiaxc-xcanswer--greaterxcthanxc100xcbpmxc(fastxcHR)
bradycardiaxc-xcanswer--lessxcthanxc60xcbpmxc(slowxcHR)
Tachydysrhythmiasxcandxcbradydysrhythmiasxclower...xc-xcanswer--cardiacxcoutputxcandxcbloodxcpressure.
atrialxcfibrillationxc-xcanswer--rapid,xcrandom,xcineffectivexccontractionsxcofxcthexcatriumxc"quivering"
Paroxysmalxcsupraventricularxctachycardiaxc-xcanswer--
Axcsudden,xcrapidxconsetxcofxctachycardiaxcoriginatingxcabovexcthexcAVxcnode.
-
Itxcoftenxcbeginsxcandxcendsxcspontaneously.xcSometimesxcexcitement,xcfatigue,xccaffeine,xcsmoking,xcorxcalcoholxcuse
recipitatesxcparoxysmalxcsupraventricularxctachycardia
Ventricularxctachycardiaxcandxcventricularxcfibrillationxcare...xc-xcanswer--life-
threateningxcrhythmsxcthatxcrequirexcimmediatexcintervention.
Ventricularxctachycardiaxcisxcaxclife-threateningxcdysrhythmiaxcbecausexc-xcanswer--
thexcdecreasedxccardiacxcoutputxcandxcthexcpotentialxctoxcdeterioratexcintoxcventricularxcfibrillationxcorxcsuddenxccardiacx
ath.
Left-sidedxcheartxcfailurexcs/sxc-xcanswer--
fatigue,xcbreathlessness,xcdizziness,xcandxcconfusionxcasxcaxcresultxcofxctissuexchypoxiaxcfromxcthexcdiminishedxccardiac
output.
Left-sidedxcheartxcfailurexcclinicalxcfindingsxc-xcanswer--
cracklesxcinxcthexcbasesxcofxcthexclungsxconxcauscultation,xchypoxia,xcshortnessxcofxcbreathxconxcexertion,xccough,xcandxc
roxysmalxcnocturnalxcdyspnea.
Right-sidedxcheartxcfailurexcclinicalxcfindingsxc-xcanswer--
weightxcgain,xcdistendedxcneckxcveins,xchepatomegalyxcandxcsplenomegaly,xcandxcdependentxcperipheralxcedema.
Myocardialxcischemiaxc-xcanswer--
resultsxcwhenxcthexcsupplyxcofxcbloodxctoxcthexcmyocardiumxcfromxcthexccoronaryxcarteriesxcisxcinsufficientxctoxcmeetxcmyo
ardialxcoxygenxcdemands.
Valvularxcheartxcdiseasexc-xcanswer--
anxcacquiredxcorxccongenitalxcdisorderxcofxcaxccardiacxcvalvexcthatxccausesxceitherxchardeningxc(stenosis)xcorxcimpairedxc
osurexc(regurgitation)xcofxcthexcvalves.xcWhenxcstenosisxcoccurs,xcthexcflowxcofxcbloodxcthroughxcthexcvalvesxcisxcobstruc
d.xcWhenxcthexcventriclesxccontract,xcbloodxcescapesxcbackxcintoxcthexcatria,xccausingxcaxcmurmur,xcorxc"whooshing"xcsou
d.
Anginaxcpectorisxc-xcanswer--
axctransientxcimbalancexcbetweenxcmyocardialxcoxygenxcsupplyxcandxcdemand,xcresultingxcinxcchestxcpainxcthatxcisxcachi
,xcsharp,xctingling,xcorxcburningxcorxcthatxcfeelsxclikexcpressure.
ChestxcpainxcassociatedxcwithxcMIxcinxcmenxc-xcanswer--
describedxcasxccrushing,xcsqueezing,xcorxcstabbing.xcThexcpainxcisxcoftenxcinxcthexcleftxcchestxcandxcsternalxcarea;xcmayxcb
cfeltxcinxcthexcback;xcandxcradiatesxcdownxcthexcleftxcarmxctoxcthexcneck,xcjaws,xcteeth,xcepigastricxcarea,xcandxcback
2xc/
xc8
