PSYC 140 UPDATED STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Why might unpleasant experiences produce anger? - ✔✔-physiological arousal -
fight or flight
-event-related cues - blame worthiness, injustice (e.g. car accident due to own fault vs
someone else' fault)
-unrelated cues (e.g., weapons) - more likely to be angry if you see weapons (due to
priming?)
-social learning - Bandura's bo-bo doll studies
-culture - culture of honor book; people from South are more prone to aggression when
family/honor is offended
✔✔Prosocial behavior - ✔✔any act designed to help others
✔✔Altruism - ✔✔unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to
consequences for oneself
✔✔What motivates prosocial behavior? - ✔✔social rewards - esteem, respect, status,
praise
personal distress - watching someone suffer causes distress
empathetic concern - identifying with someone in need
✔✔Negative state relief hypothesis - ✔✔give help in order to get out of bad mood
-if you give people another way to feel better, not as likely to help
-if you believe helping won't make them feel better, not ask likely to help
-kids don't know this yet
✔✔Motives for helping:
Happiness motive - ✔✔It feels good
-Dunn's research on selfish vs prosocial spending
-we help more when we're in a good mood, in part to maintain it (e.g. Quarters in pay-
phones study: P's that found quarters more likely to help confederate)
✔✔Motives for helping:
Natural selection motive - ✔✔Evolution makes us do it
-kin selection - more likely to help people who share our genes
✔✔Motives for helping:
Reciprocity motive - ✔✔We might get something in return
, -might explain why we help non-kin
✔✔Decision-making model of helping behavior (Darley & Latane) - 5 steps to helping:
1. Notice the event - ✔✔We will not help unless we first notice that someone is in need
-"Smoke in the test room" study: P alone -> only a few sec, but 5-20 sec to respond to
smoke when another P was in the room
✔✔Decision-making model of helping behavior (Darley & Latane) - 5 steps to helping:
2. Interpret event as emergency - ✔✔ambiguity diminishes helping behavior
-pluralistic ignorance
-Married vs strangers study: during fight confed says, "I don't know you" vs "I don't know
why I ever married you"; same behavior, but 65% vs 19% a stranger intervened
✔✔Decision-making model of helping behavior (Darley & Latane) - 5 steps to helping:
3. Take responsibility for helping - ✔✔Even if it is clear that an event is an emergency,
people may not help if others are around
-Bystander effect
✔✔Decision-making model of helping behavior (Darley & Latane) - 5 steps to helping:
4. Must know how to give help - ✔✔People cannot help if they don't know how (e.g.
knowing CPR)
✔✔Bystander effect - ✔✔the greater the number of bystander who witness an
emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help
✔✔Why does the Bystander effect occur? - ✔✔diffusion of responsibility
✔✔Findings Seizure study (Darley and Latane) - ✔✔more P's -> less likely to help
person having seizure and also take longer to help
✔✔Decision-making model of helping behavior (Darley & Latane) - 5 steps to helping:
5. Must decide to help - ✔✔Weigh rewards and costs
-Social exchange theory
✔✔Social exchange theory - ✔✔people take rewards and costs into account when
deciding whether to help
we are more likely to help when rewards outweigh costs
✔✔Findings from Good Samaritan study (Darley & Batson, 1973) - ✔✔if early, 65%
helped
if on time, 40% helped
if late, 10% helped
topic of lecture made no difference
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Why might unpleasant experiences produce anger? - ✔✔-physiological arousal -
fight or flight
-event-related cues - blame worthiness, injustice (e.g. car accident due to own fault vs
someone else' fault)
-unrelated cues (e.g., weapons) - more likely to be angry if you see weapons (due to
priming?)
-social learning - Bandura's bo-bo doll studies
-culture - culture of honor book; people from South are more prone to aggression when
family/honor is offended
✔✔Prosocial behavior - ✔✔any act designed to help others
✔✔Altruism - ✔✔unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to
consequences for oneself
✔✔What motivates prosocial behavior? - ✔✔social rewards - esteem, respect, status,
praise
personal distress - watching someone suffer causes distress
empathetic concern - identifying with someone in need
✔✔Negative state relief hypothesis - ✔✔give help in order to get out of bad mood
-if you give people another way to feel better, not as likely to help
-if you believe helping won't make them feel better, not ask likely to help
-kids don't know this yet
✔✔Motives for helping:
Happiness motive - ✔✔It feels good
-Dunn's research on selfish vs prosocial spending
-we help more when we're in a good mood, in part to maintain it (e.g. Quarters in pay-
phones study: P's that found quarters more likely to help confederate)
✔✔Motives for helping:
Natural selection motive - ✔✔Evolution makes us do it
-kin selection - more likely to help people who share our genes
✔✔Motives for helping:
Reciprocity motive - ✔✔We might get something in return
, -might explain why we help non-kin
✔✔Decision-making model of helping behavior (Darley & Latane) - 5 steps to helping:
1. Notice the event - ✔✔We will not help unless we first notice that someone is in need
-"Smoke in the test room" study: P alone -> only a few sec, but 5-20 sec to respond to
smoke when another P was in the room
✔✔Decision-making model of helping behavior (Darley & Latane) - 5 steps to helping:
2. Interpret event as emergency - ✔✔ambiguity diminishes helping behavior
-pluralistic ignorance
-Married vs strangers study: during fight confed says, "I don't know you" vs "I don't know
why I ever married you"; same behavior, but 65% vs 19% a stranger intervened
✔✔Decision-making model of helping behavior (Darley & Latane) - 5 steps to helping:
3. Take responsibility for helping - ✔✔Even if it is clear that an event is an emergency,
people may not help if others are around
-Bystander effect
✔✔Decision-making model of helping behavior (Darley & Latane) - 5 steps to helping:
4. Must know how to give help - ✔✔People cannot help if they don't know how (e.g.
knowing CPR)
✔✔Bystander effect - ✔✔the greater the number of bystander who witness an
emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help
✔✔Why does the Bystander effect occur? - ✔✔diffusion of responsibility
✔✔Findings Seizure study (Darley and Latane) - ✔✔more P's -> less likely to help
person having seizure and also take longer to help
✔✔Decision-making model of helping behavior (Darley & Latane) - 5 steps to helping:
5. Must decide to help - ✔✔Weigh rewards and costs
-Social exchange theory
✔✔Social exchange theory - ✔✔people take rewards and costs into account when
deciding whether to help
we are more likely to help when rewards outweigh costs
✔✔Findings from Good Samaritan study (Darley & Batson, 1973) - ✔✔if early, 65%
helped
if on time, 40% helped
if late, 10% helped
topic of lecture made no difference
