ORGB 364 UPDATED EXAM FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔define hedonism - ✔✔pursuit of please, enjoyment gratification of desires
✔✔4 most important values in a leader - ✔✔honesty, integrity, high ethics, and moral
standards
✔✔what are the 3 factors that influence ethical conduct in the workplace? - ✔✔- moral
intensity (Degree to which an issue demands application of ethical principles)
-moral sensitivity (the characteristic of a persons ability to detect moral dilemma and
estimate its relative importance (cognitive and emotional awareness)
-situational factors (pressure from top management is often unethical behaviour)
✔✔name 3 problems with cross-cultural knowledge - ✔✔-studies rely on small,
convenient samples to represent entire cultures
-assumes countries are not culturally diverse
-cross culture research relies on a major study that is outdated
✔✔define cultural tightness - ✔✔number of rules and social controls
✔✔define self concept - ✔✔individual perception of self (beliefs and evaluations). it has
3 structural characteristics- complexity, consistency and clarity. and 3 levels- individual,
relational, and collective
it also consists of personal identity and social identity
✔✔what are the 3 things that make up self-evaluation? - ✔✔self-esteem, self-efficacy,
and locus of control
✔✔What does perception involve? - ✔✔selecting, organizing, and interpreting
information to make sense of the world around us
✔✔what are mental models (road maps)? - ✔✔knowledge structures that we develop to
describe, explain, and predict the world around us- also help us make sense of
incoming structures
✔✔Define stereotyping - ✔✔creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of
people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
✔✔what are four perceptual errors commonly observed in organizations? - ✔✔halo
effect
false-consensus effect
primacy effect
recency effect
,✔✔3 ways to improve perceptions - ✔✔-become more aware of the existence of
perceptual bias
-become more aware of our own biases
-meaningful interaction (people who interact will be less prejudice or perceptually biased
towards one another)
✔✔define empathy - ✔✔a persons understanding and sensitivity to the feelings,
thoughts and situations of others. reduces attribution error
✔✔what is a global mindset? - ✔✔an individuals ability to perceive, know about, and
process information across cultures
1. awareness/openness to/ respect for views and practices of the world
2. capacity to emphasize across cultures
3. ability to process complex info about novel environments
4. comprehend and reconcile intercultural matters with multiple levels of thinking
✔✔what is the attribution process? - ✔✔forming beliefs about the causes of behaviours
or events and whether they were caused by internal or external factors
✔✔define categorical thinking - ✔✔common and far-reaching perceptual process-
mostly non-conscious process of organizing people and objects into perceived
categories that are stored in our long term memory
✔✔define confirmation bias - ✔✔a tendency to search for information that supports our
preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
✔✔define the contact hypothesis - ✔✔people who interact with each other will be less
perceptually biased because they have a more personal understanding of the other
person and their group
✔✔define fundamental attribution error - ✔✔the tendency to overemphasize internal
causes of another person's behaviour to discount or ignore external causes of there
behaviour
✔✔define the false-conscious effect - ✔✔occurs when people overestimate the extent
to which others have similar beliefs or behaviours to their own
✔✔define self-fulfilling prophecy - ✔✔occurs when our expectations about another
person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations
✔✔what is a self-serving bias - ✔✔the tendency for individuals to attribute their own
successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors
associated with self-enhancement
,✔✔define the social identity theory - ✔✔we define ourselves by the groups to which we
belong or have an emotional attachment to
✔✔define stereotype threat - ✔✔a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated
based on a negative stereotype. this affects behaviour and performance, and often
results in a display of the trait they are trying to avoid
✔✔explain the three levels that self-concept is defined at - ✔✔-individual: personal traits
-relational: connections to friends/ co-workers
-collective: membership in teams, organizations, social groups
✔✔explain the three characteristics of self-concept - ✔✔-complexity: number of distinct
and important roles or identities that people perceive about themselves (higher
complexity when identities are separated)
-consistency: high when individual's identities require similar personality traits, values,
and other attributes
-clarity: the degree to which a person's self-concept is clear, confidently defines and
stable (we know who we are and can describe our identities to others)
✔✔what are 4 processes that shape self-concept and motivate a persons decisions and
behaviors? - ✔✔1. self-enhancement
2. self-verification
3. self-evaluation
4. social self (social identity)
✔✔Define self-enhancement - ✔✔people are motivated to perceive themselves as
competent, attractive, ethical, lucky and important (above average)
✔✔define self-verification - ✔✔individuals try to confirm and maintain their existing self
concept
-stabilizes their self view and involves receiving feedback whether flattering or not
✔✔define the three elements of self-evaluation - ✔✔1. self-esteem- the extent to which
people like, respect, and are satisfied with themselves
2. self-efficacy- a person's belief that he or she can successfully complete a task. high
efficacy= believe they have all MARS components to perform task
3. Locus of control- a person's general beliefs about the amount of control they have
over personal life events. internal locus believes their personal characteristics cause life
events. external locus believes events are due to luck, fate, etc.
✔✔what is the social self - ✔✔your self concept at individual, relational, and collective
levels, it recognizes two opposing motivations:
-need to be distinctive and different from other people
-need for inclusion and assimilation with other people
, individual self fulfills need for distinctiveness (personal attributes), while relational and
collective self-concepts fulfills need for inclusion
✔✔what are the factors that determine group membership importance? (3) - ✔✔-how
easily you are identified as a member
-your minority status in a group
-group status
✔✔define selective attention and selective attention bias - ✔✔process of attending to
some information received by our senses and ignoring others. influenced by
characteristics of person, object, or context
bias occurs when our assumptions/ expectations of future events cause us to screen
potentially important information
✔✔what does the combination of social identity, maintaining a positive self-concept and
self enhancement lead to? (3) - ✔✔-categorization: social identity begins with
categorizing people into distinct groups
-homogenization: easier to think that people within a group are similar to each other
-differentiation: assign more favourable characteristics to people in the group we identify
with (compared to other groups)
✔✔define unintentional (systematic) discrimination - ✔✔decision makers rely on
stereotypes to establish notions of the ideal person in specific roles
✔✔define intentional discrimination (prejudice) - ✔✔people hold unfounded negative
attitudes towards people belonging to a certain group
✔✔what are the 3 attribution rules to decide if someones behaviour is due to internal or
external influences? - ✔✔-consistency: have they acted this way in past situations
-distinctiveness: do they act like this in other situations
-consensus: do other people act this way in this situation
✔✔briefly explain the self-fulfilling prophecy cycle - ✔✔-supervisors form expectations
about the employee
-supervisors expectations affect his/her behaviour towards the employee
-supervisors behaviour affects the employees self-confidence (ability and motivation)
-employees behaviour becomes more consistent with supervisors initial expectations
✔✔define positive organizational behaviour - ✔✔focusing on the positive rather than the
negative aspects of life will improve organizational success and individual well-being
✔✔define halo effect - ✔✔when our general impression of a person based on a
prominent characteristic distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔define hedonism - ✔✔pursuit of please, enjoyment gratification of desires
✔✔4 most important values in a leader - ✔✔honesty, integrity, high ethics, and moral
standards
✔✔what are the 3 factors that influence ethical conduct in the workplace? - ✔✔- moral
intensity (Degree to which an issue demands application of ethical principles)
-moral sensitivity (the characteristic of a persons ability to detect moral dilemma and
estimate its relative importance (cognitive and emotional awareness)
-situational factors (pressure from top management is often unethical behaviour)
✔✔name 3 problems with cross-cultural knowledge - ✔✔-studies rely on small,
convenient samples to represent entire cultures
-assumes countries are not culturally diverse
-cross culture research relies on a major study that is outdated
✔✔define cultural tightness - ✔✔number of rules and social controls
✔✔define self concept - ✔✔individual perception of self (beliefs and evaluations). it has
3 structural characteristics- complexity, consistency and clarity. and 3 levels- individual,
relational, and collective
it also consists of personal identity and social identity
✔✔what are the 3 things that make up self-evaluation? - ✔✔self-esteem, self-efficacy,
and locus of control
✔✔What does perception involve? - ✔✔selecting, organizing, and interpreting
information to make sense of the world around us
✔✔what are mental models (road maps)? - ✔✔knowledge structures that we develop to
describe, explain, and predict the world around us- also help us make sense of
incoming structures
✔✔Define stereotyping - ✔✔creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of
people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
✔✔what are four perceptual errors commonly observed in organizations? - ✔✔halo
effect
false-consensus effect
primacy effect
recency effect
,✔✔3 ways to improve perceptions - ✔✔-become more aware of the existence of
perceptual bias
-become more aware of our own biases
-meaningful interaction (people who interact will be less prejudice or perceptually biased
towards one another)
✔✔define empathy - ✔✔a persons understanding and sensitivity to the feelings,
thoughts and situations of others. reduces attribution error
✔✔what is a global mindset? - ✔✔an individuals ability to perceive, know about, and
process information across cultures
1. awareness/openness to/ respect for views and practices of the world
2. capacity to emphasize across cultures
3. ability to process complex info about novel environments
4. comprehend and reconcile intercultural matters with multiple levels of thinking
✔✔what is the attribution process? - ✔✔forming beliefs about the causes of behaviours
or events and whether they were caused by internal or external factors
✔✔define categorical thinking - ✔✔common and far-reaching perceptual process-
mostly non-conscious process of organizing people and objects into perceived
categories that are stored in our long term memory
✔✔define confirmation bias - ✔✔a tendency to search for information that supports our
preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
✔✔define the contact hypothesis - ✔✔people who interact with each other will be less
perceptually biased because they have a more personal understanding of the other
person and their group
✔✔define fundamental attribution error - ✔✔the tendency to overemphasize internal
causes of another person's behaviour to discount or ignore external causes of there
behaviour
✔✔define the false-conscious effect - ✔✔occurs when people overestimate the extent
to which others have similar beliefs or behaviours to their own
✔✔define self-fulfilling prophecy - ✔✔occurs when our expectations about another
person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations
✔✔what is a self-serving bias - ✔✔the tendency for individuals to attribute their own
successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors
associated with self-enhancement
,✔✔define the social identity theory - ✔✔we define ourselves by the groups to which we
belong or have an emotional attachment to
✔✔define stereotype threat - ✔✔a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated
based on a negative stereotype. this affects behaviour and performance, and often
results in a display of the trait they are trying to avoid
✔✔explain the three levels that self-concept is defined at - ✔✔-individual: personal traits
-relational: connections to friends/ co-workers
-collective: membership in teams, organizations, social groups
✔✔explain the three characteristics of self-concept - ✔✔-complexity: number of distinct
and important roles or identities that people perceive about themselves (higher
complexity when identities are separated)
-consistency: high when individual's identities require similar personality traits, values,
and other attributes
-clarity: the degree to which a person's self-concept is clear, confidently defines and
stable (we know who we are and can describe our identities to others)
✔✔what are 4 processes that shape self-concept and motivate a persons decisions and
behaviors? - ✔✔1. self-enhancement
2. self-verification
3. self-evaluation
4. social self (social identity)
✔✔Define self-enhancement - ✔✔people are motivated to perceive themselves as
competent, attractive, ethical, lucky and important (above average)
✔✔define self-verification - ✔✔individuals try to confirm and maintain their existing self
concept
-stabilizes their self view and involves receiving feedback whether flattering or not
✔✔define the three elements of self-evaluation - ✔✔1. self-esteem- the extent to which
people like, respect, and are satisfied with themselves
2. self-efficacy- a person's belief that he or she can successfully complete a task. high
efficacy= believe they have all MARS components to perform task
3. Locus of control- a person's general beliefs about the amount of control they have
over personal life events. internal locus believes their personal characteristics cause life
events. external locus believes events are due to luck, fate, etc.
✔✔what is the social self - ✔✔your self concept at individual, relational, and collective
levels, it recognizes two opposing motivations:
-need to be distinctive and different from other people
-need for inclusion and assimilation with other people
, individual self fulfills need for distinctiveness (personal attributes), while relational and
collective self-concepts fulfills need for inclusion
✔✔what are the factors that determine group membership importance? (3) - ✔✔-how
easily you are identified as a member
-your minority status in a group
-group status
✔✔define selective attention and selective attention bias - ✔✔process of attending to
some information received by our senses and ignoring others. influenced by
characteristics of person, object, or context
bias occurs when our assumptions/ expectations of future events cause us to screen
potentially important information
✔✔what does the combination of social identity, maintaining a positive self-concept and
self enhancement lead to? (3) - ✔✔-categorization: social identity begins with
categorizing people into distinct groups
-homogenization: easier to think that people within a group are similar to each other
-differentiation: assign more favourable characteristics to people in the group we identify
with (compared to other groups)
✔✔define unintentional (systematic) discrimination - ✔✔decision makers rely on
stereotypes to establish notions of the ideal person in specific roles
✔✔define intentional discrimination (prejudice) - ✔✔people hold unfounded negative
attitudes towards people belonging to a certain group
✔✔what are the 3 attribution rules to decide if someones behaviour is due to internal or
external influences? - ✔✔-consistency: have they acted this way in past situations
-distinctiveness: do they act like this in other situations
-consensus: do other people act this way in this situation
✔✔briefly explain the self-fulfilling prophecy cycle - ✔✔-supervisors form expectations
about the employee
-supervisors expectations affect his/her behaviour towards the employee
-supervisors behaviour affects the employees self-confidence (ability and motivation)
-employees behaviour becomes more consistent with supervisors initial expectations
✔✔define positive organizational behaviour - ✔✔focusing on the positive rather than the
negative aspects of life will improve organizational success and individual well-being
✔✔define halo effect - ✔✔when our general impression of a person based on a
prominent characteristic distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person
