MN 576 UPDATED COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔A patient can only exercise their autonomy in making decisions about their own
health care if - ✔✔•they are given information about that care
•they understand the risks and benefits of a specific treatment
•and can apply this information to their health
✔✔What are the two types of birthing presentation? - ✔✔•Cephalic - head down
•Breech - bottom down
✔✔Why is dating a pregnancy important? - ✔✔1. Monitoring fetal growth during the
pregnancy
•Growth discrepancies can associated with;
•Placental disorders
•Genetic conditions
•Infections
•Smoking
•Malnutrition
•Anemia
•Diabetes - big babies
2. Estimating due date:
•Risk of still birth increases after 40 weeks
•Allows planning for delivery
✔✔What information is included in obstetric history? - ✔✔•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Number of miscarriages
•Number of terminations of pregnancy
•Number of pregnancies after 24 weeks
•Previous mode of delivery
•Current pregnancy - any problems or complications
•Previous pregnancy, problems or complications.
•Any significant gynecological history?
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
•Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
✔✔What is included in gynecological history? - ✔✔•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations
•Menstrual history - age of first and last period
,•Sexually active?
•Contraception
•Focused history depending on presenting complaint
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
•Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
✔✔Why is history taking important? - ✔✔Gather information to quantify risk in
pregnancy.
✔✔What do we want from a Healthcare System? - ✔✔•Quality services
•Ability to manage acute and chronic medical problems
•Well trained workforce
•Evidence based medical guidelines
•Well maintained hospitals and clinics
•Good quality medicines
•Diagnostic services
•Ability to adapt to the needs of the whole population
✔✔What are some of the differences between private and public healthcare in SA? -
✔✔•Public and Private healthcare is available.
•Public health is funded through taxation and national insurance
•Private health is through insurance companies
•16% of the population have health insurance.
•70% of all doctors in South Africa work full time in the private health sector.
✔✔What are some of the problems that face SA public healthcare system? - ✔✔•Cares
for the health of 40 million South Africans
•Staffed by 30% of the doctors in the county
•Public hospitals are chronically underfunded
•Understaffed
•Staff are poorly paid
•Equipment is poorly maintained
•Staff have expressed concerns about ability to provide safe care.
•Doctors and nurses have staged walk-outs and strikes over pay and conditions.
✔✔What are the characteristics of prenatal care in SA? - ✔✔•Community health worker
- confirms pregnancy with pregnancy test
•Referral to a community clinic that offers prenatal care
•Typically between 4-8 prenatal visits during pregnancy most will be at the community
clinics
•Baby will be delivered in a District Hospital
•Pregnancy complications - referred to the District hospital for management.
, •Severe complications may be referred to a tertiary or regional hospital.
•Some cases may need care in a National Hospital, for example a specialist renal,
cardiac or pediatric unit.
✔✔What are some characteristics of HIV - ✔✔•Lentivirus
•Subgroup of retrovirus
•Contains enzyme reverse transcriptase
•Single stranded
•Positive sense
•Enveloped
•RNA virus
•Defined as a disease in 1981
✔✔What are some differences between HIV 1 and HIV 2 - ✔✔1. HIV 1 Group M
•Dominant form
•Responsible 99% for the global HIV epidemic
•39 million deaths
•Four groups M,O,N, P
•M is responsible of most infections
2. HIV 2
•Found in West Africa
•Zoonotic
•Less transmissible
•Slower rate CD4 decline
✔✔Characteristics of HIV infection - ✔✔•More copies of the virus are made
•These leave the host cell and mature to go on destroy T-cells
•Replications creates >10 billion new virions everyday
•Progressive reduction in cells expressing CD4
•Chronic inflammation
•Initially HIV induced cell lysis and apoptosis
•In chronic infection immune system produces fewer CD4 cells
•Virus primarily targets
•CD4
•T helper
•Macrophages
•Monocytes
•Microglia
•Astrocytes
•Oligodendrocytes
•Neurons
✔✔What are the 4 stages of HIV infection - ✔✔1.Acute infection
2.Clinical latency
3.Disease progression
4.AIDs defining disease
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔A patient can only exercise their autonomy in making decisions about their own
health care if - ✔✔•they are given information about that care
•they understand the risks and benefits of a specific treatment
•and can apply this information to their health
✔✔What are the two types of birthing presentation? - ✔✔•Cephalic - head down
•Breech - bottom down
✔✔Why is dating a pregnancy important? - ✔✔1. Monitoring fetal growth during the
pregnancy
•Growth discrepancies can associated with;
•Placental disorders
•Genetic conditions
•Infections
•Smoking
•Malnutrition
•Anemia
•Diabetes - big babies
2. Estimating due date:
•Risk of still birth increases after 40 weeks
•Allows planning for delivery
✔✔What information is included in obstetric history? - ✔✔•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Number of miscarriages
•Number of terminations of pregnancy
•Number of pregnancies after 24 weeks
•Previous mode of delivery
•Current pregnancy - any problems or complications
•Previous pregnancy, problems or complications.
•Any significant gynecological history?
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
•Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
✔✔What is included in gynecological history? - ✔✔•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations
•Menstrual history - age of first and last period
,•Sexually active?
•Contraception
•Focused history depending on presenting complaint
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
•Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
✔✔Why is history taking important? - ✔✔Gather information to quantify risk in
pregnancy.
✔✔What do we want from a Healthcare System? - ✔✔•Quality services
•Ability to manage acute and chronic medical problems
•Well trained workforce
•Evidence based medical guidelines
•Well maintained hospitals and clinics
•Good quality medicines
•Diagnostic services
•Ability to adapt to the needs of the whole population
✔✔What are some of the differences between private and public healthcare in SA? -
✔✔•Public and Private healthcare is available.
•Public health is funded through taxation and national insurance
•Private health is through insurance companies
•16% of the population have health insurance.
•70% of all doctors in South Africa work full time in the private health sector.
✔✔What are some of the problems that face SA public healthcare system? - ✔✔•Cares
for the health of 40 million South Africans
•Staffed by 30% of the doctors in the county
•Public hospitals are chronically underfunded
•Understaffed
•Staff are poorly paid
•Equipment is poorly maintained
•Staff have expressed concerns about ability to provide safe care.
•Doctors and nurses have staged walk-outs and strikes over pay and conditions.
✔✔What are the characteristics of prenatal care in SA? - ✔✔•Community health worker
- confirms pregnancy with pregnancy test
•Referral to a community clinic that offers prenatal care
•Typically between 4-8 prenatal visits during pregnancy most will be at the community
clinics
•Baby will be delivered in a District Hospital
•Pregnancy complications - referred to the District hospital for management.
, •Severe complications may be referred to a tertiary or regional hospital.
•Some cases may need care in a National Hospital, for example a specialist renal,
cardiac or pediatric unit.
✔✔What are some characteristics of HIV - ✔✔•Lentivirus
•Subgroup of retrovirus
•Contains enzyme reverse transcriptase
•Single stranded
•Positive sense
•Enveloped
•RNA virus
•Defined as a disease in 1981
✔✔What are some differences between HIV 1 and HIV 2 - ✔✔1. HIV 1 Group M
•Dominant form
•Responsible 99% for the global HIV epidemic
•39 million deaths
•Four groups M,O,N, P
•M is responsible of most infections
2. HIV 2
•Found in West Africa
•Zoonotic
•Less transmissible
•Slower rate CD4 decline
✔✔Characteristics of HIV infection - ✔✔•More copies of the virus are made
•These leave the host cell and mature to go on destroy T-cells
•Replications creates >10 billion new virions everyday
•Progressive reduction in cells expressing CD4
•Chronic inflammation
•Initially HIV induced cell lysis and apoptosis
•In chronic infection immune system produces fewer CD4 cells
•Virus primarily targets
•CD4
•T helper
•Macrophages
•Monocytes
•Microglia
•Astrocytes
•Oligodendrocytes
•Neurons
✔✔What are the 4 stages of HIV infection - ✔✔1.Acute infection
2.Clinical latency
3.Disease progression
4.AIDs defining disease
