WGU D431 UPDATED COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Heap (H) - ✔✔Dynamic memory for a program comes from the heap segment. A
process may use a memory allocator such as malloc to request dynamic memory.
✔✔Hierarchical storage management (HSM) - ✔✔Continuous online backup storage.
✔✔High-level format - ✔✔Setting up an empty file system and installing a boot sector in
a drive. Also called a quick format.
✔✔Hive - ✔✔One of the five sections of the Windows Registry.
✔✔Home location register (HLR) - ✔✔The database used by the MSC for subscriber
data and service information.
✔✔Identity theft - ✔✔Any use of another person's identity.
✔✔Inode - ✔✔A data structure in the file system that stores all the information about a
file except its name and its actual data.
✔✔Integrated circuit card identifier (ICCID) - ✔✔A unique serial number that identifies
each SIM. These numbers are engraved on the SIM during manufacturing.
✔✔International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number - ✔✔A unique number
identifying GSM, LTE, and other types of phones. The first 8 bits of the ESN identify the
manufacturer, and the subsequent 24 bits uniquely identify the phone.
✔✔Internet forensics - ✔✔The process of piecing together where and when a user has
been on the internet.
✔✔Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) - ✔✔A protocol used to receive email that
works on port 143.
✔✔Intrusion detection system - ✔✔A system that monitors network traffic looking for
suspicious activity.
✔✔ISO9660 - ✔✔A file system used with CDs.
✔✔Kasiski examination - ✔✔A method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers
by deducing the length of the keyword. This is sometimes also called Kasiski's test or
Kasiski's method.
,✔✔Kerckhoffs' principle - ✔✔The principle that the security of a cryptographic algorithm
depends only on the secrecy of the key, not the algorithm itself.
✔✔Key space - ✔✔The total number of keys.
✔✔Least significant bit (LSB) - ✔✔The last bit or least significant bit is used to store
data.
✔✔Life span - ✔✔A term that refers to how long data will last. The term is related to
volatility. More volatile data tends to have a shorter life span.
✔✔LILO (Linux Loader) - ✔✔One of the Linux boot loaders.
✔✔Live system forensics - ✔✔The process of searching memory in real time, typically
for working with compromised hosts or to identify system abuse.
✔✔Locard's principle of transference - ✔✔The forensics principle that states you cannot
interact with an environment without leaving some trace.
✔✔Logic bomb - ✔✔Malware that executes its damage when a specific condition is
met.
✔✔Logical analysis - ✔✔Analysis involving using the native operating system, on the
evidence disk or a forensic duplicate, to peruse the data.
✔✔Logical damage - ✔✔Damage to how the data is stored—for example, file system
corruption.
✔✔Logical imaging - ✔✔Use of the target system's file system to copy data to an image
for analysis.
✔✔Long Term Evolution (LTE) - ✔✔A standard for wireless communication of high-
speed data for mobile devices. This is what is commonly called 4G.
✔✔Low-level format - ✔✔Creation of the structure of sectors, tracks, and clusters in a
drive.
✔✔Master boot record (MBR) - ✔✔The record on the hard drive partition used to initiate
booting that partition.
✔✔Maximum tolerable downtime (MTD) - ✔✔The length of time a system can be down
before the business cannot recover.
, ✔✔Mean time before failure (MTBF) - ✔✔The average length of time before a given
piece of equipment will fail through normal use.
✔✔Mean time to failure (MTTF) - ✔✔How long, on average, before a given piece of
equipment will fail through normal use.
✔✔Mean time to repair (MTTR) - ✔✔The average time needed to repair a given piece
of equipment.
✔✔Memory cell - ✔✔The fundamental building block of memory.
✔✔Metadata - ✔✔Data about the data, including information about when a file or
directory was created, when it was last modified, and so forth.
✔✔Mobile switching center (MSC) - ✔✔A switching system for a cellular network.
✔✔Moore's law - ✔✔The observation by Gordon Moore of Intel Corporation that
capacity would double and price would be cut in half roughly every 18 to 24 months for
products based on computer chips and related technology.
✔✔Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) - ✔✔The wireless technology that uses
multiple antennas to coherently resolve more information than is possible using a single
antenna.
✔✔Network forensics - ✔✔The process of examining network traffic, including
transaction logs and real-time monitoring.
✔✔Packets - ✔✔Chunks of data sent across a network.
✔✔Page - ✔✔A data structure that maps virtual addresses to physical addresses.
✔✔Payload - ✔✔The data to be covertly communicated. In other words, it is the
message you want to hide.
✔✔Permanent denial of service (PDoS) - ✔✔an attack that damages the system so
badly the machine needs a full reinstall of its OS and potentially even new hardware.
✔✔Personal identification number (PIN) - ✔✔An ID number for a cell phone user.
✔✔Personal unlocking code (PUK) - ✔✔A number for unlocking a cell phone.
✔✔Physical analysis - ✔✔Offline analysis conducted on an evidence disk or forensic
duplicate after booting from a CD or another system.
AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Heap (H) - ✔✔Dynamic memory for a program comes from the heap segment. A
process may use a memory allocator such as malloc to request dynamic memory.
✔✔Hierarchical storage management (HSM) - ✔✔Continuous online backup storage.
✔✔High-level format - ✔✔Setting up an empty file system and installing a boot sector in
a drive. Also called a quick format.
✔✔Hive - ✔✔One of the five sections of the Windows Registry.
✔✔Home location register (HLR) - ✔✔The database used by the MSC for subscriber
data and service information.
✔✔Identity theft - ✔✔Any use of another person's identity.
✔✔Inode - ✔✔A data structure in the file system that stores all the information about a
file except its name and its actual data.
✔✔Integrated circuit card identifier (ICCID) - ✔✔A unique serial number that identifies
each SIM. These numbers are engraved on the SIM during manufacturing.
✔✔International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number - ✔✔A unique number
identifying GSM, LTE, and other types of phones. The first 8 bits of the ESN identify the
manufacturer, and the subsequent 24 bits uniquely identify the phone.
✔✔Internet forensics - ✔✔The process of piecing together where and when a user has
been on the internet.
✔✔Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) - ✔✔A protocol used to receive email that
works on port 143.
✔✔Intrusion detection system - ✔✔A system that monitors network traffic looking for
suspicious activity.
✔✔ISO9660 - ✔✔A file system used with CDs.
✔✔Kasiski examination - ✔✔A method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers
by deducing the length of the keyword. This is sometimes also called Kasiski's test or
Kasiski's method.
,✔✔Kerckhoffs' principle - ✔✔The principle that the security of a cryptographic algorithm
depends only on the secrecy of the key, not the algorithm itself.
✔✔Key space - ✔✔The total number of keys.
✔✔Least significant bit (LSB) - ✔✔The last bit or least significant bit is used to store
data.
✔✔Life span - ✔✔A term that refers to how long data will last. The term is related to
volatility. More volatile data tends to have a shorter life span.
✔✔LILO (Linux Loader) - ✔✔One of the Linux boot loaders.
✔✔Live system forensics - ✔✔The process of searching memory in real time, typically
for working with compromised hosts or to identify system abuse.
✔✔Locard's principle of transference - ✔✔The forensics principle that states you cannot
interact with an environment without leaving some trace.
✔✔Logic bomb - ✔✔Malware that executes its damage when a specific condition is
met.
✔✔Logical analysis - ✔✔Analysis involving using the native operating system, on the
evidence disk or a forensic duplicate, to peruse the data.
✔✔Logical damage - ✔✔Damage to how the data is stored—for example, file system
corruption.
✔✔Logical imaging - ✔✔Use of the target system's file system to copy data to an image
for analysis.
✔✔Long Term Evolution (LTE) - ✔✔A standard for wireless communication of high-
speed data for mobile devices. This is what is commonly called 4G.
✔✔Low-level format - ✔✔Creation of the structure of sectors, tracks, and clusters in a
drive.
✔✔Master boot record (MBR) - ✔✔The record on the hard drive partition used to initiate
booting that partition.
✔✔Maximum tolerable downtime (MTD) - ✔✔The length of time a system can be down
before the business cannot recover.
, ✔✔Mean time before failure (MTBF) - ✔✔The average length of time before a given
piece of equipment will fail through normal use.
✔✔Mean time to failure (MTTF) - ✔✔How long, on average, before a given piece of
equipment will fail through normal use.
✔✔Mean time to repair (MTTR) - ✔✔The average time needed to repair a given piece
of equipment.
✔✔Memory cell - ✔✔The fundamental building block of memory.
✔✔Metadata - ✔✔Data about the data, including information about when a file or
directory was created, when it was last modified, and so forth.
✔✔Mobile switching center (MSC) - ✔✔A switching system for a cellular network.
✔✔Moore's law - ✔✔The observation by Gordon Moore of Intel Corporation that
capacity would double and price would be cut in half roughly every 18 to 24 months for
products based on computer chips and related technology.
✔✔Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) - ✔✔The wireless technology that uses
multiple antennas to coherently resolve more information than is possible using a single
antenna.
✔✔Network forensics - ✔✔The process of examining network traffic, including
transaction logs and real-time monitoring.
✔✔Packets - ✔✔Chunks of data sent across a network.
✔✔Page - ✔✔A data structure that maps virtual addresses to physical addresses.
✔✔Payload - ✔✔The data to be covertly communicated. In other words, it is the
message you want to hide.
✔✔Permanent denial of service (PDoS) - ✔✔an attack that damages the system so
badly the machine needs a full reinstall of its OS and potentially even new hardware.
✔✔Personal identification number (PIN) - ✔✔An ID number for a cell phone user.
✔✔Personal unlocking code (PUK) - ✔✔A number for unlocking a cell phone.
✔✔Physical analysis - ✔✔Offline analysis conducted on an evidence disk or forensic
duplicate after booting from a CD or another system.
