NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 3 EXAM NEWEST 2026 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND
NEW VERSION!!
1.Know all STI: pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, treatment, and
complications. - (answer)Use EB's chart
· How is each transmitted during pregnancy to the fetus?
· Know the different stages of syphilis.
· what organism causes each STI and is it viral, bacterial etc.?
· Do you treat both partners and why?
· What age group has the greatest risk of STIs and why? Young women
· What causes cervical cancer? HPV exposure
2. Understand the different uterine tumor types - (answer)· Leiomyomas (uterine fibroids): benign
smooth muscle tumors in the myometrium; most remain small and asymptomatic
o Occurs in the fundus of the uterus in multiples or in singles throughout
o Subserous, submucous, or intramural
o Manifestations: abnormal uterine bleeding (increased uterine surface area), pain, distorted uterine
cavity that can put pressure on a nearby structure
o Evaluation: enlarged and irregular uterus; confirm diagnosis with MRI
Treatment: GnRH antagonists, IUD, oral contraceptive, hysterectomy or myomectomy (removal of
fibroid)
3. What is PCOS and what does it cause? Clinical manifestations? Treatment? Causes? Pathophysiology?
- (answer)· At least two of the following: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of androgen (testosterone),
polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
· Patho: hyperandrogenic state is a cardinal feature, glucose intolerance increases the severity
· Manifestations: obesity, menstrual disturbance, hyperandrogenism, DM, HTN
· Causes: associated with metabolic dysfunction, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity
· Treatment: goal is to reverse androgen excess and causing cyclic menstruation; first line is oral
contraceptives to establish a regular period, weight loss, progesterone therapy if pregnancy is not
desired
,NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 3 EXAM NEWEST 2026 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND
NEW VERSION!!
4. What is the difference between primary and secondary amenorrhea and what is compartment II? -
(answer)· Primary amenorrhea: failure of menarche and the absence of menstruation by age 13
· Secondary amenorrhea: absence of regular menses for 3 months or irregular menses for 6 months in
women who have previously menstruated; exclude pregnancy before further evaluation
· Compartment II: disorders that involve the ovary and are linked to genetic abnormalities; gonadal
dysgenesis (turner syndrome) or androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
5. What are the signs of puberty in girls and boys? What delays puberty? - (answer)· Reproductive
maturation involves the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the CNS, the endocrine system;
adrenarche is the increased production of adrenal androgens (axillary and pubic hair growth and body
odor)
· Girls: 8-9 years of age, with thelarche (breast development); puberty is complete with the first
menstrual period (could be 1-2 years after menarche or first period)
o estradiol causes breast development, maturation of the reproductive organs, and fat deposits in the
hips
o estrogen and increased growth factors leads to rapid skeletal growth in girls and boys
· Boys: 11 years of age, occurs with increased weight and BMI; complete with the first ejaculation of
mature sperm
o Testosterone causes growth of testes, scrotum, and penis
· Delays in puberty: lack of circulating estrogen leads to inadequate bone density; low gonadotropin
levels: need skull imaging to rule out pituitary or other CNS tumor
o Girls: functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (FHH), disruption in the HPG axis; treat with
estrogen
o Boys: deficient FSH/LH, disruption of HPG axis; treat with testosterone
6. What is the pathophysiology behind the signs and symptoms of menopause? - (answer)· Cessation of
ovulation and menses due to ovarian failure, marks the end of reproduction; premature menopause
(before 40 years old); defined by the point that marks 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea
· "climacteric": gradual changes of ovarian function that start before menopause due to a loss of ovarian
follicles resulting in reduced ovarian production of estradiol, increased FSH/LH, and decreased inhibin
· Changes:
o Ovarian: utero- number of follicles steadily decrease, starts in the late 30s
, NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 3 EXAM NEWEST 2026 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND
NEW VERSION!!
o Uterine: primarily endometrium affected, proliferative growth; longer exposure to estrogen causes
greater thickness of endometrium which causes heavy/unpredictable bleeding
o Breast: become smaller and lose firmness because fat deposits increase
o Genital tract: vagina shortens and loses elasticity, vaginal pH increases which causes vaginitis, urethral
tone declines causing frequency/urgency/UTIs/incontinence (estrogen deficiency)
o Systematic: vasomotor flushes (hot flashes) due to rise in temp and dilation of blood vessels and
increased noradrenaline levels
o Cardiac: as estrogen levels decrease, BP and LDL levels rise which causes weight gain
7. What does breast milk contain? - (answer)· Breast milk is the most appropriate nourishment for
newborns.
· Colostrum is rich in immunologic components (IgA, lactoferrin, leukocytes, growth factor)
o Secretory IgA and antimicrobial factors (lysosomes and lactoferrin) protect the infant against infection
8. What is the BRCA1 gene? - (answer)· Located on chromosome 17, it is a tumor suppressor gene; any
mutation in the gene may inhibit its suppressor function leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation; the
most important breast cancer genes are BRCA1 and BRCA2.
· This alteration leads to a higher risk for breast cancer.
Testes - (answer)organs of reproduction; produces gametes (sperm), sex hormones (androgens and
testosterone)
§ Suspended outside of the body because sperm production requires 1-2 C lower than body temp
§ Seminiferous tubules are 80% of the testicular volume and are the site of sperm production; Leydig
cells occur in clusters and produce testosterone
§ Sperm mature in the epididymis; its function is to conduct sperm from the efferent tubules to the vas
deferens which transports sperm toward the urethra; sperm are stored in the vas deferens and
epididymal tail
Scrotum - (answer)encloses and protects the testes
§ Skin is thin and has rugae (wrinkles) that enable it to enlarge and relax from the body; it contracts and
relaxes depending on the environmental temps
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND
NEW VERSION!!
1.Know all STI: pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, treatment, and
complications. - (answer)Use EB's chart
· How is each transmitted during pregnancy to the fetus?
· Know the different stages of syphilis.
· what organism causes each STI and is it viral, bacterial etc.?
· Do you treat both partners and why?
· What age group has the greatest risk of STIs and why? Young women
· What causes cervical cancer? HPV exposure
2. Understand the different uterine tumor types - (answer)· Leiomyomas (uterine fibroids): benign
smooth muscle tumors in the myometrium; most remain small and asymptomatic
o Occurs in the fundus of the uterus in multiples or in singles throughout
o Subserous, submucous, or intramural
o Manifestations: abnormal uterine bleeding (increased uterine surface area), pain, distorted uterine
cavity that can put pressure on a nearby structure
o Evaluation: enlarged and irregular uterus; confirm diagnosis with MRI
Treatment: GnRH antagonists, IUD, oral contraceptive, hysterectomy or myomectomy (removal of
fibroid)
3. What is PCOS and what does it cause? Clinical manifestations? Treatment? Causes? Pathophysiology?
- (answer)· At least two of the following: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of androgen (testosterone),
polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
· Patho: hyperandrogenic state is a cardinal feature, glucose intolerance increases the severity
· Manifestations: obesity, menstrual disturbance, hyperandrogenism, DM, HTN
· Causes: associated with metabolic dysfunction, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity
· Treatment: goal is to reverse androgen excess and causing cyclic menstruation; first line is oral
contraceptives to establish a regular period, weight loss, progesterone therapy if pregnancy is not
desired
,NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 3 EXAM NEWEST 2026 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND
NEW VERSION!!
4. What is the difference between primary and secondary amenorrhea and what is compartment II? -
(answer)· Primary amenorrhea: failure of menarche and the absence of menstruation by age 13
· Secondary amenorrhea: absence of regular menses for 3 months or irregular menses for 6 months in
women who have previously menstruated; exclude pregnancy before further evaluation
· Compartment II: disorders that involve the ovary and are linked to genetic abnormalities; gonadal
dysgenesis (turner syndrome) or androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
5. What are the signs of puberty in girls and boys? What delays puberty? - (answer)· Reproductive
maturation involves the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the CNS, the endocrine system;
adrenarche is the increased production of adrenal androgens (axillary and pubic hair growth and body
odor)
· Girls: 8-9 years of age, with thelarche (breast development); puberty is complete with the first
menstrual period (could be 1-2 years after menarche or first period)
o estradiol causes breast development, maturation of the reproductive organs, and fat deposits in the
hips
o estrogen and increased growth factors leads to rapid skeletal growth in girls and boys
· Boys: 11 years of age, occurs with increased weight and BMI; complete with the first ejaculation of
mature sperm
o Testosterone causes growth of testes, scrotum, and penis
· Delays in puberty: lack of circulating estrogen leads to inadequate bone density; low gonadotropin
levels: need skull imaging to rule out pituitary or other CNS tumor
o Girls: functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (FHH), disruption in the HPG axis; treat with
estrogen
o Boys: deficient FSH/LH, disruption of HPG axis; treat with testosterone
6. What is the pathophysiology behind the signs and symptoms of menopause? - (answer)· Cessation of
ovulation and menses due to ovarian failure, marks the end of reproduction; premature menopause
(before 40 years old); defined by the point that marks 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea
· "climacteric": gradual changes of ovarian function that start before menopause due to a loss of ovarian
follicles resulting in reduced ovarian production of estradiol, increased FSH/LH, and decreased inhibin
· Changes:
o Ovarian: utero- number of follicles steadily decrease, starts in the late 30s
, NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 3 EXAM NEWEST 2026 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND
NEW VERSION!!
o Uterine: primarily endometrium affected, proliferative growth; longer exposure to estrogen causes
greater thickness of endometrium which causes heavy/unpredictable bleeding
o Breast: become smaller and lose firmness because fat deposits increase
o Genital tract: vagina shortens and loses elasticity, vaginal pH increases which causes vaginitis, urethral
tone declines causing frequency/urgency/UTIs/incontinence (estrogen deficiency)
o Systematic: vasomotor flushes (hot flashes) due to rise in temp and dilation of blood vessels and
increased noradrenaline levels
o Cardiac: as estrogen levels decrease, BP and LDL levels rise which causes weight gain
7. What does breast milk contain? - (answer)· Breast milk is the most appropriate nourishment for
newborns.
· Colostrum is rich in immunologic components (IgA, lactoferrin, leukocytes, growth factor)
o Secretory IgA and antimicrobial factors (lysosomes and lactoferrin) protect the infant against infection
8. What is the BRCA1 gene? - (answer)· Located on chromosome 17, it is a tumor suppressor gene; any
mutation in the gene may inhibit its suppressor function leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation; the
most important breast cancer genes are BRCA1 and BRCA2.
· This alteration leads to a higher risk for breast cancer.
Testes - (answer)organs of reproduction; produces gametes (sperm), sex hormones (androgens and
testosterone)
§ Suspended outside of the body because sperm production requires 1-2 C lower than body temp
§ Seminiferous tubules are 80% of the testicular volume and are the site of sperm production; Leydig
cells occur in clusters and produce testosterone
§ Sperm mature in the epididymis; its function is to conduct sperm from the efferent tubules to the vas
deferens which transports sperm toward the urethra; sperm are stored in the vas deferens and
epididymal tail
Scrotum - (answer)encloses and protects the testes
§ Skin is thin and has rugae (wrinkles) that enable it to enlarge and relax from the body; it contracts and
relaxes depending on the environmental temps
