NR507 Final Exam 2025 /2026 NR 507 Week 8 Exam
Advanced Pathophysiology Expected Questions and
Answers () (Verified Answers)- Chamberlain
Cortisol Administration - correct answer In acute stressors (e.g., infection, surgery, or trauma),
additional cortisol must be administered to approximate the amount of cortisol that might be expected
to be secreted if normal adrenal function were present.
Alzheimer's Disease - correct answer Decreased short-term memory occurs with mild cognitive decline
as a result of a reduced hippocampus size.
Amyloid Beta (Aβ) Plaques - correct answer Accumulation of abnormal Aβ protein structures in the
brain, leading to plaque formation.
Neurofibrillary Tangles - correct answer Formation of tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau
protein, disrupting neuronal function.
Neuronal Dysfunction and Loss - correct answer Widespread neuronal dysfunction and loss in affected
brain regions, impairing cognitive processes.
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress - correct answer Chronic inflammation and increased oxidative stress
contribute to neuronal damage.
Vascular Changes - correct answer Vascular dysfunction and reduced blood flow to the brain, impacting
oxygen and nutrient delivery.
Loss of Dopamine-Producing Neurons - correct answer Selective loss of dopamine-producing neurons in
the substantia nigra, leading to dopamine deficiency.
, Lewy Bodies - correct answer Abnormal protein aggregates (primarily alpha-synuclein) that accumulate
in neurons, contributing to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
Impaired Mitochondrial Function - correct answer Dysfunction of mitochondria, leading to reduced
energy production and increased oxidative stress.
Oxidative Stress and Free Radicals - correct answer Increased production of reactive oxygen species
(free radicals) and oxidative stress, contributing to cellular damage.
Neuroinflammation - correct answer Inflammatory response in the brain, involving activated microglia
and release of pro-inflammatory molecules.
Alpha-Synuclein Spreading - correct answer Propagation of alpha-synuclein pathology from cell to cell,
contributing to progressive neurodegeneration.
Parkinson's Disease - correct answer Symptoms associated with bradykinesia include shuffling gait,
resting tremor, rigidity, postural disturbance, dysarthria, and dysphagia.
Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease - correct answer Resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural
instability.
Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease - correct answer Cognitive changes, mood disorders, sleep
disorders, autonomic dysfunction, sensory symptoms, speech and swallowing difficulties, fatigue.
Multiple Sclerosis (M.S.) Risk Factors - correct answer Smoking, vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus
infection.
Immune System Dysfunction in M.S. - correct answer Abnormal immune response targeting myelin in
the CNS, leading to inflammation and demyelination.
Inflammation and Demyelination in M.S. - correct answer Inflammatory response in the CNS, resulting
in the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding nerve fibers.
Advanced Pathophysiology Expected Questions and
Answers () (Verified Answers)- Chamberlain
Cortisol Administration - correct answer In acute stressors (e.g., infection, surgery, or trauma),
additional cortisol must be administered to approximate the amount of cortisol that might be expected
to be secreted if normal adrenal function were present.
Alzheimer's Disease - correct answer Decreased short-term memory occurs with mild cognitive decline
as a result of a reduced hippocampus size.
Amyloid Beta (Aβ) Plaques - correct answer Accumulation of abnormal Aβ protein structures in the
brain, leading to plaque formation.
Neurofibrillary Tangles - correct answer Formation of tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau
protein, disrupting neuronal function.
Neuronal Dysfunction and Loss - correct answer Widespread neuronal dysfunction and loss in affected
brain regions, impairing cognitive processes.
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress - correct answer Chronic inflammation and increased oxidative stress
contribute to neuronal damage.
Vascular Changes - correct answer Vascular dysfunction and reduced blood flow to the brain, impacting
oxygen and nutrient delivery.
Loss of Dopamine-Producing Neurons - correct answer Selective loss of dopamine-producing neurons in
the substantia nigra, leading to dopamine deficiency.
, Lewy Bodies - correct answer Abnormal protein aggregates (primarily alpha-synuclein) that accumulate
in neurons, contributing to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
Impaired Mitochondrial Function - correct answer Dysfunction of mitochondria, leading to reduced
energy production and increased oxidative stress.
Oxidative Stress and Free Radicals - correct answer Increased production of reactive oxygen species
(free radicals) and oxidative stress, contributing to cellular damage.
Neuroinflammation - correct answer Inflammatory response in the brain, involving activated microglia
and release of pro-inflammatory molecules.
Alpha-Synuclein Spreading - correct answer Propagation of alpha-synuclein pathology from cell to cell,
contributing to progressive neurodegeneration.
Parkinson's Disease - correct answer Symptoms associated with bradykinesia include shuffling gait,
resting tremor, rigidity, postural disturbance, dysarthria, and dysphagia.
Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease - correct answer Resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural
instability.
Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease - correct answer Cognitive changes, mood disorders, sleep
disorders, autonomic dysfunction, sensory symptoms, speech and swallowing difficulties, fatigue.
Multiple Sclerosis (M.S.) Risk Factors - correct answer Smoking, vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus
infection.
Immune System Dysfunction in M.S. - correct answer Abnormal immune response targeting myelin in
the CNS, leading to inflammation and demyelination.
Inflammation and Demyelination in M.S. - correct answer Inflammatory response in the CNS, resulting
in the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding nerve fibers.
