Advanced Pathophysiology Study Guide: Cellular
Injury, Genetics, Immunity, Infection & Stress
Responses (NU 545 – Unit 1)
Study Guide Unit 1 walden university
Chapter 1 – Summary review p 45-47
1. What is metabolic absorption? (p.2, bottom left)
All cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from the
surroundings. Cells of the intestine and the kidney are specialized to carry
out absorption. Cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize
proteins. Intestinal epithelial cells reabsorb fluids and synthesize protein
enzymes.
2. What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative
reaction? (p.8, bottom left) Peroxisomes (microbodies) are similar to
lysosomes, but larger and oval/irregular in shape. They contain several
oxidative enzyme such as catalase and urate oxidase. Like
mitachondria, peroxisomes are major sites of oxygen utilization.
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, Peroxisomes are so named because that usually contain enzymes that
use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an
oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
3. During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular
autodigestion? (p. 6, bottom left) As cells complete their life span and
die, lysosomes digest the resultant cellular debris. Lysosomes involved
in this process, which is called autodigestion, are called autolysosomes
or austophagosomes.
4. Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? (p. 2, bottom right)
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure
composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding
proteins (the histones) that regulate its activity.
5. Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? (p. 12,
bottom left)
The major chemical components of all membranes are lipids and
proteins, but the percentage of each varies among different membranes.
Lipid molecules are the most abundant, but the protein molecules are so
large that in total mass these two constituents are roughly equal.
Intracellular membranes have a higher percentage of proteins than do
plasma membranes, presumably because most enzymatic activity occurs
This study source was downloaded by 100000849435247 from CourseHero.com on 01-26-2026 08:17:27 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/15727062/NU545-Unit-1-Exam-Study-Guide/
, within organelles. Carbohydrates are mainly associated with plasma
membranes, where they are combines chemically with lipids, forming
glycolipids, and with proteins, forming glycoproteins.
6. What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? (p. 31-32)
Active Transport. The NA-K (antiport) system (Na moves out, K
moves in) uses the direct energy of ATP to move these cations. The
transporter protein in an enzyme, ATPAse, which has a requirement for
Na, K, and Mg ions. The concentration of ATPase in plasma membranes is
directly related to Na-K transport activity. For every ATP molecule
hydrolyzed, three molecules of Na re transported out and two of K are
transported in. However, the exact mechanism for transport is uncertain.
7. How is the cell protected from injury? (p. 12)
The plasma membrane is made of a bilayer of lipid molecules
(phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol 70:5:25) which are
responsible for the structural integrity of the membrane.
8. In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes?
The cholesterol content of the RBC’s plasma membrane increases,
causing a decrease in membrane fluidity and affects the cells’ ability to
transport oxygen.
This study source was downloaded by 100000849435247 from CourseHero.com on 01-26-2026 08:17:27 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/15727062/NU545-Unit-1-Exam-Study-Guide/
Injury, Genetics, Immunity, Infection & Stress
Responses (NU 545 – Unit 1)
Study Guide Unit 1 walden university
Chapter 1 – Summary review p 45-47
1. What is metabolic absorption? (p.2, bottom left)
All cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from the
surroundings. Cells of the intestine and the kidney are specialized to carry
out absorption. Cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb fluids and synthesize
proteins. Intestinal epithelial cells reabsorb fluids and synthesize protein
enzymes.
2. What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative
reaction? (p.8, bottom left) Peroxisomes (microbodies) are similar to
lysosomes, but larger and oval/irregular in shape. They contain several
oxidative enzyme such as catalase and urate oxidase. Like
mitachondria, peroxisomes are major sites of oxygen utilization.
This study source was downloaded by 100000849435247 from CourseHero.com on 01-26-2026 08:17:27 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/15727062/NU545-Unit-1-Exam-Study-Guide/
, Peroxisomes are so named because that usually contain enzymes that
use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an
oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
3. During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular
autodigestion? (p. 6, bottom left) As cells complete their life span and
die, lysosomes digest the resultant cellular debris. Lysosomes involved
in this process, which is called autodigestion, are called autolysosomes
or austophagosomes.
4. Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? (p. 2, bottom right)
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure
composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding
proteins (the histones) that regulate its activity.
5. Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? (p. 12,
bottom left)
The major chemical components of all membranes are lipids and
proteins, but the percentage of each varies among different membranes.
Lipid molecules are the most abundant, but the protein molecules are so
large that in total mass these two constituents are roughly equal.
Intracellular membranes have a higher percentage of proteins than do
plasma membranes, presumably because most enzymatic activity occurs
This study source was downloaded by 100000849435247 from CourseHero.com on 01-26-2026 08:17:27 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/15727062/NU545-Unit-1-Exam-Study-Guide/
, within organelles. Carbohydrates are mainly associated with plasma
membranes, where they are combines chemically with lipids, forming
glycolipids, and with proteins, forming glycoproteins.
6. What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? (p. 31-32)
Active Transport. The NA-K (antiport) system (Na moves out, K
moves in) uses the direct energy of ATP to move these cations. The
transporter protein in an enzyme, ATPAse, which has a requirement for
Na, K, and Mg ions. The concentration of ATPase in plasma membranes is
directly related to Na-K transport activity. For every ATP molecule
hydrolyzed, three molecules of Na re transported out and two of K are
transported in. However, the exact mechanism for transport is uncertain.
7. How is the cell protected from injury? (p. 12)
The plasma membrane is made of a bilayer of lipid molecules
(phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol 70:5:25) which are
responsible for the structural integrity of the membrane.
8. In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes?
The cholesterol content of the RBC’s plasma membrane increases,
causing a decrease in membrane fluidity and affects the cells’ ability to
transport oxygen.
This study source was downloaded by 100000849435247 from CourseHero.com on 01-26-2026 08:17:27 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/15727062/NU545-Unit-1-Exam-Study-Guide/
