Instructor Manual _ Lecture Handouts
Animal Diversity, 9th Edition by
Cleveland P. Hickman
Complete Chapters are included
(Ch 1 to 20)
** Immediate Download
** Swift Response
** All Chapters included
,Table of Contents are given below
1. Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity
2. Animal Ecology
3. Animal Architecture
4. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
5. Unicellular Eukaryotes
6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera
7. Cnidarians and Ctenophores
8. Xenacoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes,Gastrotricha, Gnathifera, including
Chaetognatha, and Mesozoa,
9. Polyzoa and Trochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda,
Phoronida, and Nemertea
10. Molluscs
11. Annelids
12. Smaller Ecdysozoans
13. Arthropods
14. Echinoderms and Hemichordates
15. Vertebrate Beginnings: The Chordates
16. Fishes
17. The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
18. Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
19. Birds
20. Mammals
,CHAPTER 1 Science of Zoology
and
Evolution of Animal Diversity
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 A Legacy of Change
A. Major feature of life’s history is a legacy of perpetual change.
1. Fossil record is imperfect, but records the broken history of evolution.
2. Organic evolution is the major feature of life.
B. Theory of perpetual change is evolution.
1. Zoology is the scientific study of animals.
2. Life’s multicellular animal history began more than 540 million years ago.
3. Phylogeny is the branching sequence of evolution.
4. Newly formed species gain their characteristics and modifications from previous species.
5. Two major goals: 1) Reconstruct phylogeny of animal life, and 2) Understand historical processes
that generate and maintain diverse species and adaptations throughout evolutionary history.
6. Significant steps in evolutionary origins include multicellularity, a coelom, spiral cleavage,
vertebra, and homeothermy.
1.2 A. Principles of Science
1. Science is a way of asking about the natural world to obtain precise answers.
2. On Jan 5,1982, Judge Overton prohibited Arkansas from enforcing Act 590.
3. Science is separate from activities such as art and religion.
4. The trial over creation science provided a definition of science.
a. Science is guided by natural law.
b. Science has to be explanatory by reference to natural law.
c. Science is testable against the observable world.
d. Science conclusions are tentative; they are not necessarily the final word.
e. Science is falsifiable.
5. Science is neutral regarding religion and does not favor one religious position over another.
B. Scientific Method
1. Criteria for science form a hypothetico-deductive method.
2. Hypotheses are based on prior observations of nature or derived from theories based on nature.
3. Testable predictions are made based on hypotheses.
4. A hypothesis powerful in explaining a wide variety of related phenomena becomes a theory.
5. The null hypothesis cannot be proved correct.
6. The most useful theories explain the largest array of different natural phenomena.
7. Scientific meaning of “theory” is not the same as common usage of theory as “mere speculation.”
C. Experimental Versus Comparative Methods
1. Questions can be divided into those that seek to understand proximate versus ultimate causes.
2. Studies that explore proximate causes are experimental sciences using experimental methods
that:
a. Predict how a system being studied will respond to disturbance or treatment,
b. Make the disturbance, and then
c. Compare the observed results with predicted ones.
3. Controls are repetitions of an experiment that lack disturbance or treatment.
4. The sub-fields of molecular biology, cell biology, endocrinology, immunology, physiology,
developmental biology and community ecology rely heavily on experimental scientific methods.
5. Ultimate causes are addressed by questions involving long-term time spans.
a. Comparative Methods are used to address ultimate causes.
b. Patterns of modern similarities are used to establish hypotheses on evolutionary origins.
, c. Sub-fields include comparative methods in the following areas: comparative biochemistry,
molecular evolution, comparative cell biology, comparative anatomy, comparative physiology
and behavior, and phylogenetic systematics.
1.3 Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory
A. Darwin’s theory helps us understand both the genetics of populations and long term trends in the fossil
record.
B. Darwin and Wallace were the first to establish evolution as a powerful scientific theory.
A. Pre-Darwinian Evolutionary Ideas
1. Before the 18th century, speculation on origin of species was not scientific.
2. Early Greek philosophers considered some ideas of evolutionary change.
a. Xenophanes, Empedocles and Aristotle developed early ideas about evolution.
b. Fossils were recognized as former life destroyed by natural catastrophe.
c. Lacking a full evolutionary concept, the idea faded before the rise of Christianity.
3. Biblical account of creation became a tenet of faith.
a. Evolutionary views were heretical.
b. Archbishop Ussher calculated 4004 BC as date of life’s creation.
4. French naturalist Georges Louis Buffon suggested that environment modified animal types; set
age of earth at 70,000 years.
B. Lamarckism: The First Scientific Hypothesis of Evolution
1. French biologist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck offered first complete explanation in 1809
(Figure1.4).
a. He convincingly argued that fossils were remains of extinct animals.
b. Lamarck’s mechanism was inheritance of acquired characteristics.
c. He explained long necks of giraffes to stretching efforts of ancestral giraffes.
d. Lamarck’s concept is transformational; individuals transform their own traits to evolve.
e. In contrast, Darwin’s theory is variational or due to differential survival among offspring.
C. Charles Lyell and Uniformitarianism
1. Geologist Sir Charles Lyell established the principle of uniformitarianism (Figure 1.5).
a. Uniformitarianism consists of two important principles:
1) Laws of physics and chemistry remain the same throughout earth’s history.
2) Past geological events occurred by natural processes similar to those observed today.
b. Natural forces acting over long periods could explain formation of fossil-bearing rocks.
c. Earth’s age must be measured in millions of years.
d. Geological changes are natural and without direction; both concepts underpinned Darwin.
D. Darwin’s Great Voyage of Discovery (1831-1836)
1. In 1831, Charles Darwin (almost 23) sailed aboard the small survey ship HMS Beagle.
2. Darwin made extensive observations in the five-year voyage (Figure 1.6, Figure,1.7).
a. Darwin collected the fauna and flora of South America and adjacent regions.
b. He unearthed long extinct fossils and associated fossils of South and North America.
c. He saw fossil seashells embedded in the Andes rocks at 13,000 feet altitude.
d. Observing earthquakes and severe erosion confirmed his views of geological ages.
3. The Galápagos Islands provided unique observations.
a. These volcanic islands are on the equator 600 miles west of Ecuador (Figure 1.8).
b. Galápagos means “tortoise”; the giant reptiles were exploited for food.
c. Each island varied in tortoises, iguanas, mockingbirds and ground finches.
d. The islands had similar climate but varied vegetation.
e. Island species therefore originated from South America and were modified under the varying
conditions of different islands.
f. He wrote that these unique animals and plants were the “origin of all my views.”
4. Darwin conducted the remainder of his work at home in England (Figure 1.9).
a. His collections and notebooks had been sent back before his return in October 2, 1836.
b. His popular travel journal, The Voyage of the Beagle, was published three years later.
c. In 1838, Darwin read an essay on population by Thomas R. Malthus.
d. Having studied artificial selection, a “struggle for existence” because of overpopulation, gave
him a mechanism for evolution of wild species by natural selection.
Animal Diversity, 9th Edition by
Cleveland P. Hickman
Complete Chapters are included
(Ch 1 to 20)
** Immediate Download
** Swift Response
** All Chapters included
,Table of Contents are given below
1. Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity
2. Animal Ecology
3. Animal Architecture
4. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
5. Unicellular Eukaryotes
6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera
7. Cnidarians and Ctenophores
8. Xenacoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes,Gastrotricha, Gnathifera, including
Chaetognatha, and Mesozoa,
9. Polyzoa and Trochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda,
Phoronida, and Nemertea
10. Molluscs
11. Annelids
12. Smaller Ecdysozoans
13. Arthropods
14. Echinoderms and Hemichordates
15. Vertebrate Beginnings: The Chordates
16. Fishes
17. The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
18. Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
19. Birds
20. Mammals
,CHAPTER 1 Science of Zoology
and
Evolution of Animal Diversity
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 A Legacy of Change
A. Major feature of life’s history is a legacy of perpetual change.
1. Fossil record is imperfect, but records the broken history of evolution.
2. Organic evolution is the major feature of life.
B. Theory of perpetual change is evolution.
1. Zoology is the scientific study of animals.
2. Life’s multicellular animal history began more than 540 million years ago.
3. Phylogeny is the branching sequence of evolution.
4. Newly formed species gain their characteristics and modifications from previous species.
5. Two major goals: 1) Reconstruct phylogeny of animal life, and 2) Understand historical processes
that generate and maintain diverse species and adaptations throughout evolutionary history.
6. Significant steps in evolutionary origins include multicellularity, a coelom, spiral cleavage,
vertebra, and homeothermy.
1.2 A. Principles of Science
1. Science is a way of asking about the natural world to obtain precise answers.
2. On Jan 5,1982, Judge Overton prohibited Arkansas from enforcing Act 590.
3. Science is separate from activities such as art and religion.
4. The trial over creation science provided a definition of science.
a. Science is guided by natural law.
b. Science has to be explanatory by reference to natural law.
c. Science is testable against the observable world.
d. Science conclusions are tentative; they are not necessarily the final word.
e. Science is falsifiable.
5. Science is neutral regarding religion and does not favor one religious position over another.
B. Scientific Method
1. Criteria for science form a hypothetico-deductive method.
2. Hypotheses are based on prior observations of nature or derived from theories based on nature.
3. Testable predictions are made based on hypotheses.
4. A hypothesis powerful in explaining a wide variety of related phenomena becomes a theory.
5. The null hypothesis cannot be proved correct.
6. The most useful theories explain the largest array of different natural phenomena.
7. Scientific meaning of “theory” is not the same as common usage of theory as “mere speculation.”
C. Experimental Versus Comparative Methods
1. Questions can be divided into those that seek to understand proximate versus ultimate causes.
2. Studies that explore proximate causes are experimental sciences using experimental methods
that:
a. Predict how a system being studied will respond to disturbance or treatment,
b. Make the disturbance, and then
c. Compare the observed results with predicted ones.
3. Controls are repetitions of an experiment that lack disturbance or treatment.
4. The sub-fields of molecular biology, cell biology, endocrinology, immunology, physiology,
developmental biology and community ecology rely heavily on experimental scientific methods.
5. Ultimate causes are addressed by questions involving long-term time spans.
a. Comparative Methods are used to address ultimate causes.
b. Patterns of modern similarities are used to establish hypotheses on evolutionary origins.
, c. Sub-fields include comparative methods in the following areas: comparative biochemistry,
molecular evolution, comparative cell biology, comparative anatomy, comparative physiology
and behavior, and phylogenetic systematics.
1.3 Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory
A. Darwin’s theory helps us understand both the genetics of populations and long term trends in the fossil
record.
B. Darwin and Wallace were the first to establish evolution as a powerful scientific theory.
A. Pre-Darwinian Evolutionary Ideas
1. Before the 18th century, speculation on origin of species was not scientific.
2. Early Greek philosophers considered some ideas of evolutionary change.
a. Xenophanes, Empedocles and Aristotle developed early ideas about evolution.
b. Fossils were recognized as former life destroyed by natural catastrophe.
c. Lacking a full evolutionary concept, the idea faded before the rise of Christianity.
3. Biblical account of creation became a tenet of faith.
a. Evolutionary views were heretical.
b. Archbishop Ussher calculated 4004 BC as date of life’s creation.
4. French naturalist Georges Louis Buffon suggested that environment modified animal types; set
age of earth at 70,000 years.
B. Lamarckism: The First Scientific Hypothesis of Evolution
1. French biologist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck offered first complete explanation in 1809
(Figure1.4).
a. He convincingly argued that fossils were remains of extinct animals.
b. Lamarck’s mechanism was inheritance of acquired characteristics.
c. He explained long necks of giraffes to stretching efforts of ancestral giraffes.
d. Lamarck’s concept is transformational; individuals transform their own traits to evolve.
e. In contrast, Darwin’s theory is variational or due to differential survival among offspring.
C. Charles Lyell and Uniformitarianism
1. Geologist Sir Charles Lyell established the principle of uniformitarianism (Figure 1.5).
a. Uniformitarianism consists of two important principles:
1) Laws of physics and chemistry remain the same throughout earth’s history.
2) Past geological events occurred by natural processes similar to those observed today.
b. Natural forces acting over long periods could explain formation of fossil-bearing rocks.
c. Earth’s age must be measured in millions of years.
d. Geological changes are natural and without direction; both concepts underpinned Darwin.
D. Darwin’s Great Voyage of Discovery (1831-1836)
1. In 1831, Charles Darwin (almost 23) sailed aboard the small survey ship HMS Beagle.
2. Darwin made extensive observations in the five-year voyage (Figure 1.6, Figure,1.7).
a. Darwin collected the fauna and flora of South America and adjacent regions.
b. He unearthed long extinct fossils and associated fossils of South and North America.
c. He saw fossil seashells embedded in the Andes rocks at 13,000 feet altitude.
d. Observing earthquakes and severe erosion confirmed his views of geological ages.
3. The Galápagos Islands provided unique observations.
a. These volcanic islands are on the equator 600 miles west of Ecuador (Figure 1.8).
b. Galápagos means “tortoise”; the giant reptiles were exploited for food.
c. Each island varied in tortoises, iguanas, mockingbirds and ground finches.
d. The islands had similar climate but varied vegetation.
e. Island species therefore originated from South America and were modified under the varying
conditions of different islands.
f. He wrote that these unique animals and plants were the “origin of all my views.”
4. Darwin conducted the remainder of his work at home in England (Figure 1.9).
a. His collections and notebooks had been sent back before his return in October 2, 1836.
b. His popular travel journal, The Voyage of the Beagle, was published three years later.
c. In 1838, Darwin read an essay on population by Thomas R. Malthus.
d. Having studied artificial selection, a “struggle for existence” because of overpopulation, gave
him a mechanism for evolution of wild species by natural selection.
