CHRISTIAN DAVID LORENTE BLANCO
UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA 6: INTRODUCCIÓN, JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS
1. Haz un esquema sobre los temas tratados en la introducción de tus artículos.
Artículo 1. Morbillivirus Infections in Aquatic Mammals: A Brief Overview. Since 1988, the
recognition in sea mammals of a number of new viruses, all belonging to the genus Morbillivirus
and causing mass mortality in different pinniped and cetacean species, has notably increased the
scientific interest towards aquatic mammal pathology. The genus Morbillivirus (family
Paramyxoviridae) comprises single-stranded RNA and envel- ope-coated viruses, which are all
serologically related and lack neuraminidase activity (Kennedy, 1998). Until 1988, only four
morbilliviruses had been identified and characterized, namely rinderpest virus- (RPV), Peste-des-
Petits ruminants virus- (PPRV), measles virus- (MV) and canine distemper virus- (CDV). All the
aforementioned viral agents have been demonstrated to infect a wide range of terrestrial
mammals, frequently causing dramatic epidemics in previously unexposed, non-immune
populations. During the past 15 years, at least eight different morbillivi- rus infection (MI)
epidemics, causing mass die-offs in several pinniped and cetacean species around the world,
have been reported. Detailed field and laboratory investigations, which were carried out in an
attempt to determine the causative factors involved in such epidemics, allowed to identify and
characterize at least three new viruses, never recognized before and all included within the genus
Morbillivirus (Osterhaus and Vedder, 1988; Osterhaus et al., 1989, 1997; Bergman et al., 1990;
Barrett et al., 1995; Kennedy, 1998). The present article aims at summarizing, by means of an
updated literature review, the most relevant features of MI in aquatic mammals, with special
emphasis on the biological characteristics of their aetiologic agents, as well as on the
epidemiology, the pathogenesis, the clinico-pathological fea- tures and the immunohistochemical
findings commonly observed in MI-affected pinnipeds and cetaceans.
El principal tema tratado en la introducción de nuestro primer artículo es la
historia del Morbillivirus de los cetáceos. Abarca que clase de virus es el
Morbillivirus y que impacto tiene sobre los cetáceos a nivel fisiológico e
histológico. Así mismo, al final de la introducción, se incluye el objetivo del
artículo, el cual es “resumir, mediante un examen actualizado de la
bibliografía, las características más importantes del Morbillivirus en los
mamíferos acuáticos, haciendo especial hincapié en las características
biológicas de sus agentes etiológicos, así como en la epidemiología, la
patogénesis, las enfermedades clínico-patológicas y los hallazgos
inmunohistoquímicos que se observan habitualmente en los pinnípedos y
cetáceos afectados por la enfermedad mental”.
Artículo 2. Cetacean Morbillivirus: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Cetacean
1
, morbillivirus (CeMV) is a recently described member of the genus Morbillivirus, subfamily
Paramyxovirinae, family Paramyxoviridae, Order Mononegavirales, that includes three well
characterized strains: the porpoise morbillivirus (PMV), first isolated from harbor porpoises
(Phocoena phocoena) from Northern Ireland [1], the dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), first isolated
from Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) [2,3], and the pilot whale morbillivirus
(PWMV), recovered from a long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) stranded in New Jersey,
USA [4] (Figure 1). Recently, three new strains were detected by reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), one in a Longman's beaked whale (Indopacetus pacificus)
from Hawaii, one in a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) from Brazil and one in two Indo-Pacific
bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) from Western Australia [5–7] (Figure 1). Over the past
three decades, cetacean morbilliviruses have caused several outbreaks of lethal disease in
odontocetes (toothed whales) and mysticetes (baleen whales) around the world. Other important
pathogens in the genus Morbillivirus are measles virus in humans and other primates, rinderpest
and peste des petits ruminants viruses in artiodactyls, canine and phocine distemper viruses in
carnivores and tentatively, a paramyxovirus from domestic cats currently named feline
morbillivirus [8–11]. Morbilliviruses are lymphotropic and initially replicate in lymphoid tissue
before infecting epithelial cells [12,13]. All are very contagious and cause serious disease with
immunosuppression in their hosts. Cetacean and pinniped morbilliviruses were first recognized in
1988 following a series of epidemics in Northwestern Europe. A symposium in Hannover,
Germany, in 1994 reviewed these events and the cross-disciplinary research conducted in
several countries and laboratories worldwide at that time [14,15]. Twenty years later in August
2014, a Research and Policy for Infectious Disease Dynamics (RAPIDD) workshop was convened
at Princeton University, USA, to discuss the disease outbreaks and findings since then, and
identify future directions for research. As a product of that workshop, here we review the
antigenic, molecular, pathological and epidemiological characteristics of CeMV worldwide and
discuss topics for further research.
El principal tema tratado en la introducción del segundo artículo son las
distintas cepas encontradas del Morbillivirus, en concreto, sus características
a nivel molecular y patogénico. El artículo describe las 6 actuales cepas que
se conocen de este virus en cetáceos, sus orígenes y los tipos de cetáceos a
los cuales afecta; así como las cepas de este virus que afectan a mamíferos
terrestres, tales como primates o rumiantes. Otro tema que trata que se trata
en la introducción son los estragos que ha causado el coronavirus en las
poblaciones de cetáceos desde su descubrimiento. Así mismo, al final de la
introducción, se incluye el objetivo del artículo, el cual es “revisar las
características antigénicas, moleculares, patológicas y epidemiológicas de los
Morbillivirus en cetáceos en todo el mundo y discutir temas para futuras
investigaciones”.
2
UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA 6: INTRODUCCIÓN, JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS
1. Haz un esquema sobre los temas tratados en la introducción de tus artículos.
Artículo 1. Morbillivirus Infections in Aquatic Mammals: A Brief Overview. Since 1988, the
recognition in sea mammals of a number of new viruses, all belonging to the genus Morbillivirus
and causing mass mortality in different pinniped and cetacean species, has notably increased the
scientific interest towards aquatic mammal pathology. The genus Morbillivirus (family
Paramyxoviridae) comprises single-stranded RNA and envel- ope-coated viruses, which are all
serologically related and lack neuraminidase activity (Kennedy, 1998). Until 1988, only four
morbilliviruses had been identified and characterized, namely rinderpest virus- (RPV), Peste-des-
Petits ruminants virus- (PPRV), measles virus- (MV) and canine distemper virus- (CDV). All the
aforementioned viral agents have been demonstrated to infect a wide range of terrestrial
mammals, frequently causing dramatic epidemics in previously unexposed, non-immune
populations. During the past 15 years, at least eight different morbillivi- rus infection (MI)
epidemics, causing mass die-offs in several pinniped and cetacean species around the world,
have been reported. Detailed field and laboratory investigations, which were carried out in an
attempt to determine the causative factors involved in such epidemics, allowed to identify and
characterize at least three new viruses, never recognized before and all included within the genus
Morbillivirus (Osterhaus and Vedder, 1988; Osterhaus et al., 1989, 1997; Bergman et al., 1990;
Barrett et al., 1995; Kennedy, 1998). The present article aims at summarizing, by means of an
updated literature review, the most relevant features of MI in aquatic mammals, with special
emphasis on the biological characteristics of their aetiologic agents, as well as on the
epidemiology, the pathogenesis, the clinico-pathological fea- tures and the immunohistochemical
findings commonly observed in MI-affected pinnipeds and cetaceans.
El principal tema tratado en la introducción de nuestro primer artículo es la
historia del Morbillivirus de los cetáceos. Abarca que clase de virus es el
Morbillivirus y que impacto tiene sobre los cetáceos a nivel fisiológico e
histológico. Así mismo, al final de la introducción, se incluye el objetivo del
artículo, el cual es “resumir, mediante un examen actualizado de la
bibliografía, las características más importantes del Morbillivirus en los
mamíferos acuáticos, haciendo especial hincapié en las características
biológicas de sus agentes etiológicos, así como en la epidemiología, la
patogénesis, las enfermedades clínico-patológicas y los hallazgos
inmunohistoquímicos que se observan habitualmente en los pinnípedos y
cetáceos afectados por la enfermedad mental”.
Artículo 2. Cetacean Morbillivirus: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Cetacean
1
, morbillivirus (CeMV) is a recently described member of the genus Morbillivirus, subfamily
Paramyxovirinae, family Paramyxoviridae, Order Mononegavirales, that includes three well
characterized strains: the porpoise morbillivirus (PMV), first isolated from harbor porpoises
(Phocoena phocoena) from Northern Ireland [1], the dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), first isolated
from Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) [2,3], and the pilot whale morbillivirus
(PWMV), recovered from a long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) stranded in New Jersey,
USA [4] (Figure 1). Recently, three new strains were detected by reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), one in a Longman's beaked whale (Indopacetus pacificus)
from Hawaii, one in a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) from Brazil and one in two Indo-Pacific
bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) from Western Australia [5–7] (Figure 1). Over the past
three decades, cetacean morbilliviruses have caused several outbreaks of lethal disease in
odontocetes (toothed whales) and mysticetes (baleen whales) around the world. Other important
pathogens in the genus Morbillivirus are measles virus in humans and other primates, rinderpest
and peste des petits ruminants viruses in artiodactyls, canine and phocine distemper viruses in
carnivores and tentatively, a paramyxovirus from domestic cats currently named feline
morbillivirus [8–11]. Morbilliviruses are lymphotropic and initially replicate in lymphoid tissue
before infecting epithelial cells [12,13]. All are very contagious and cause serious disease with
immunosuppression in their hosts. Cetacean and pinniped morbilliviruses were first recognized in
1988 following a series of epidemics in Northwestern Europe. A symposium in Hannover,
Germany, in 1994 reviewed these events and the cross-disciplinary research conducted in
several countries and laboratories worldwide at that time [14,15]. Twenty years later in August
2014, a Research and Policy for Infectious Disease Dynamics (RAPIDD) workshop was convened
at Princeton University, USA, to discuss the disease outbreaks and findings since then, and
identify future directions for research. As a product of that workshop, here we review the
antigenic, molecular, pathological and epidemiological characteristics of CeMV worldwide and
discuss topics for further research.
El principal tema tratado en la introducción del segundo artículo son las
distintas cepas encontradas del Morbillivirus, en concreto, sus características
a nivel molecular y patogénico. El artículo describe las 6 actuales cepas que
se conocen de este virus en cetáceos, sus orígenes y los tipos de cetáceos a
los cuales afecta; así como las cepas de este virus que afectan a mamíferos
terrestres, tales como primates o rumiantes. Otro tema que trata que se trata
en la introducción son los estragos que ha causado el coronavirus en las
poblaciones de cetáceos desde su descubrimiento. Así mismo, al final de la
introducción, se incluye el objetivo del artículo, el cual es “revisar las
características antigénicas, moleculares, patológicas y epidemiológicas de los
Morbillivirus en cetáceos en todo el mundo y discutir temas para futuras
investigaciones”.
2
