BIO 182 Exam 1 (Modules 1 & 2) Study Guide:
Scientific Reasoning, Experiments & Statistics|
Complete Questions with Verified A+ Graded
Answers Latest Updated 2026
Inductive Reasoning
A type of logical thinking where you draw general conclusions or predictions based on specific
observations of patterns
Deductive Reasoning
A logical process where you draw specific conclusions from general premises or assumptions,
ensuring that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true
Intuition
The ability to understand something immediately, without conscious reasoning or evidence,
often described as a "gut feeling" or "inner knowing". It's a quick, often unconscious process
that draws on past experiences and knowledge to form judgements or insights
Experiment
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a
known fact
Quantification
The act of measuring or judging the size or amount of something
Mean
The average value in a data set
Median
The number that falls in the middle, when a data set is arranged in ascending order
Range
the difference in the maximum and minimum values of a data set
EX: Range = Maximum - Minimum
Standard Deviation
, A measure of the amount of variation of the values of a variable about its mean
What does a low standard deviation indicate?
The values tend to be close to the average of the set
What does a high standard deviation indicate?
The values are spread out over a wider range
Hypothesis
A tentative, testable, and falsifiable answer to a question or scientific problem, formulated
based on evidence and understanding of the subject, and it serves as the starting point for
further research
Independent Variable
A variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure -
often denoted by x
Dependent Variable
A variable, often denoted by y, whose value depends on that of another
Control Variables
A factor that is kept constant or consistent to ensure that the effects of the independent
variable on the dependent variable can be accurately measured, without interference from
other variables
Validity
A scientific result that is genuine, true, or correct, and can be trusted or relied upon
Reliability
The extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on
repeated trials
Replicability
The ability of a scientific experiment or trial to be repeated to obtain a consistent result
Randomization
A statistical process in which a random mechanism is employed to select a sample from a
population or assign subjects to different groups. The process is crucial in ensuring the random
Scientific Reasoning, Experiments & Statistics|
Complete Questions with Verified A+ Graded
Answers Latest Updated 2026
Inductive Reasoning
A type of logical thinking where you draw general conclusions or predictions based on specific
observations of patterns
Deductive Reasoning
A logical process where you draw specific conclusions from general premises or assumptions,
ensuring that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true
Intuition
The ability to understand something immediately, without conscious reasoning or evidence,
often described as a "gut feeling" or "inner knowing". It's a quick, often unconscious process
that draws on past experiences and knowledge to form judgements or insights
Experiment
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a
known fact
Quantification
The act of measuring or judging the size or amount of something
Mean
The average value in a data set
Median
The number that falls in the middle, when a data set is arranged in ascending order
Range
the difference in the maximum and minimum values of a data set
EX: Range = Maximum - Minimum
Standard Deviation
, A measure of the amount of variation of the values of a variable about its mean
What does a low standard deviation indicate?
The values tend to be close to the average of the set
What does a high standard deviation indicate?
The values are spread out over a wider range
Hypothesis
A tentative, testable, and falsifiable answer to a question or scientific problem, formulated
based on evidence and understanding of the subject, and it serves as the starting point for
further research
Independent Variable
A variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure -
often denoted by x
Dependent Variable
A variable, often denoted by y, whose value depends on that of another
Control Variables
A factor that is kept constant or consistent to ensure that the effects of the independent
variable on the dependent variable can be accurately measured, without interference from
other variables
Validity
A scientific result that is genuine, true, or correct, and can be trusted or relied upon
Reliability
The extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on
repeated trials
Replicability
The ability of a scientific experiment or trial to be repeated to obtain a consistent result
Randomization
A statistical process in which a random mechanism is employed to select a sample from a
population or assign subjects to different groups. The process is crucial in ensuring the random
