A& PII Final Exam Question Breakdown:
Chapter 18- Endocrine System (13)
Chapter 28- Reproductive System (10)
Chapter 19- Blood (9)
Chapter 20- Heart (11)
Chapter 21- Blood Vessels (12)
Chapter 22- Lymphatic/ Immune (14)
Chapter 23- Respiratory (8)
Chapter 26- Urinary (14)
Chapter 24- Digestive (9)
( )= approximate number of questions
Basic Things to Study to prepare for the final exam:
Chapter 18- Endocrine System
Know which glands secrete which hormones.
Know the general functions of all of the hormones.
What are the different mechanisms of actions that hormones use? (lipid soluble mechanisms vs water
soluble)
Be able to explain the types of stimuli that cause the release of hormones (for example neural vs
humoral control).
What is down-regulation?
What is the hypophyseal portal system?
Chapter 28- Reproductive System
Know the function of major structures for both male and female.
Know the pathway of sperm in the male reproduction, including what each of the structures do to assist
the sperm.
Function of the dartos and cremaster muscles?
Understand the structures involved in the menstrual cycle and the effects of each step.
Be able to explain the ovarian cycle and how the female reproductive hormones are related to them.
What is oogenesis? What is spermatogenesis?
In what structure does fertilization of the ovum usually occur?
Chapter 19- Blood
Functions of blood?
Characteristics of the types of blood cells.
Basic function of each of the blood components.
Types of blood – characteristics and who can receive what type of blood.
Understand the steps of hemostasis.
Components of whole blood.
What is anemia? polycythemia? leukemia?
, How is oxygen carried in the blood? Carbon dioxide?
Chapter 20- Heart
Be able to explain the electrical events of the cardiac cycle, including the structures that the impulse
travels through.
Know blood flow through the heart and be able to relate the actions of the valves.
Know what makes the heart sounds.
Know the layers of the heart wall and what they are made of.
Understand what the waves on a normal ECG represent.
Chapter 21- Blood Vessels
Layers of the blood vessels?
Differentiate arteries from veins.
Know the order of blood flow through the vessels.
Be able to explain cardiac output and blood pressure and how they are adjusted. (several questions)
How is TPR adjusted?
What are the mechanisms for venous return to the heart?
Which type of blood vessels act as a blood reservoir?
Characteristics of baroreceptors. (Where are they, what do they monitor, how?)
Chapter 22 – Lymphatic/ Immune System
Basic function of the lymphatic system.
Functions of the organs of the lymphatic system (spleen, thymus, MALT).
Normal components of lymph?
Differentiate innate and adaptive (specific) immunity (know examples of each).
Know the functions of cells like: NK cells, macrophage, B-cells, T-cells, and neutrophils.
Functions of interferons? Complement? and Histamine?
Differentiate active vs passive and natural vs artificial immunity.
Know the steps of antibody mediated and cell-mediated immunity (Fig 22-27- page 823- simplified
review)
What is chemotaxis?
Know the effects of inflammation.
Know the functions of each of the antibodies and the relative amount of each.
Know the difference between primary and secondary immune responses.
What is self-tolerance?
Chapter 23- Respiratory System
Know what tissues are found at the different areas of the respiratory tract.
Common names of the respiratory structures (pharynx, larynx, trachea)?
Know where gas exchange happens.
Know the function of surfactant.
Understand the gas laws associated with the respiratory system (Boyle’s, Dalton’s, Henry’s)
Know the mechanisms necessary to inhale and exhale (muscles, pressures, etc.).
Be able to define the different volumes (tidal volume, IRV, ERV, etc.).
Chapter 18- Endocrine System (13)
Chapter 28- Reproductive System (10)
Chapter 19- Blood (9)
Chapter 20- Heart (11)
Chapter 21- Blood Vessels (12)
Chapter 22- Lymphatic/ Immune (14)
Chapter 23- Respiratory (8)
Chapter 26- Urinary (14)
Chapter 24- Digestive (9)
( )= approximate number of questions
Basic Things to Study to prepare for the final exam:
Chapter 18- Endocrine System
Know which glands secrete which hormones.
Know the general functions of all of the hormones.
What are the different mechanisms of actions that hormones use? (lipid soluble mechanisms vs water
soluble)
Be able to explain the types of stimuli that cause the release of hormones (for example neural vs
humoral control).
What is down-regulation?
What is the hypophyseal portal system?
Chapter 28- Reproductive System
Know the function of major structures for both male and female.
Know the pathway of sperm in the male reproduction, including what each of the structures do to assist
the sperm.
Function of the dartos and cremaster muscles?
Understand the structures involved in the menstrual cycle and the effects of each step.
Be able to explain the ovarian cycle and how the female reproductive hormones are related to them.
What is oogenesis? What is spermatogenesis?
In what structure does fertilization of the ovum usually occur?
Chapter 19- Blood
Functions of blood?
Characteristics of the types of blood cells.
Basic function of each of the blood components.
Types of blood – characteristics and who can receive what type of blood.
Understand the steps of hemostasis.
Components of whole blood.
What is anemia? polycythemia? leukemia?
, How is oxygen carried in the blood? Carbon dioxide?
Chapter 20- Heart
Be able to explain the electrical events of the cardiac cycle, including the structures that the impulse
travels through.
Know blood flow through the heart and be able to relate the actions of the valves.
Know what makes the heart sounds.
Know the layers of the heart wall and what they are made of.
Understand what the waves on a normal ECG represent.
Chapter 21- Blood Vessels
Layers of the blood vessels?
Differentiate arteries from veins.
Know the order of blood flow through the vessels.
Be able to explain cardiac output and blood pressure and how they are adjusted. (several questions)
How is TPR adjusted?
What are the mechanisms for venous return to the heart?
Which type of blood vessels act as a blood reservoir?
Characteristics of baroreceptors. (Where are they, what do they monitor, how?)
Chapter 22 – Lymphatic/ Immune System
Basic function of the lymphatic system.
Functions of the organs of the lymphatic system (spleen, thymus, MALT).
Normal components of lymph?
Differentiate innate and adaptive (specific) immunity (know examples of each).
Know the functions of cells like: NK cells, macrophage, B-cells, T-cells, and neutrophils.
Functions of interferons? Complement? and Histamine?
Differentiate active vs passive and natural vs artificial immunity.
Know the steps of antibody mediated and cell-mediated immunity (Fig 22-27- page 823- simplified
review)
What is chemotaxis?
Know the effects of inflammation.
Know the functions of each of the antibodies and the relative amount of each.
Know the difference between primary and secondary immune responses.
What is self-tolerance?
Chapter 23- Respiratory System
Know what tissues are found at the different areas of the respiratory tract.
Common names of the respiratory structures (pharynx, larynx, trachea)?
Know where gas exchange happens.
Know the function of surfactant.
Understand the gas laws associated with the respiratory system (Boyle’s, Dalton’s, Henry’s)
Know the mechanisms necessary to inhale and exhale (muscles, pressures, etc.).
Be able to define the different volumes (tidal volume, IRV, ERV, etc.).
