PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
FULLY SOLVED EDITION WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ dural sinuses. Answer: Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous
blood and CSF for return to general circulation.
⩥ mediastinum (what is it). Answer: Area of thoracic cavity between
lungs. Location of trachea, esophagus, heart & large vessels
⩥ pericardial sac. Answer: Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled,
anchors heart to diaphragm.
⩥ endocardium. Answer: inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves
⩥ septum in heart. Answer: separtes L & R sides of heart
⩥ SA node - other name. Answer: pacemaker
⩥ sinus rhythm. Answer: basic rate of impulses generated by SA node
(70 beats per minute)
,⩥ location of sinoatrial node. Answer: right atrium
⩥ Where does impulse go to after SA node. Answer: Spreads through
atrial conduction pathways, resulting in contraction of both atria
⩥ AV node - what is it. Answer: Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives
here after SA node sent it through atria
⩥ AV node - where is it. Answer: Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the
only anatomical connection between atrial and ventricular portions of
conduction system.
⩥ AV bundle - other name. Answer: Bundle of His - other name
⩥ ECG - what does it do. Answer: Records electrical changes sent by
conduction impulses as picked up by electrodes
⩥ apoptosis. Answer: normal programmed cell death in tissues
⩥ endogenous. Answer: originating from within the body
⩥ exogenous. Answer: originating from outside the body
,⩥ gangrene. Answer: necrotic tissue infected by bacteria
⩥ hypoxia. Answer: decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the
tissues
⩥ iatrogenic. Answer: caused by a treatment, procedure or error
⩥ idiopathic. Answer: no known cause
⩥ ischemia. Answer: decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue
⩥ lysis. Answer: destruction of a cell
⩥ lysosomal enzymes. Answer: released into tissues undergoing lysis;
cause inflammation and damage to nearby cells and reduced function
⩥ morphologic. Answer: structural
⩥ pathogenesis. Answer: development of the disease or sequence of
events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease
process
, ⩥ insidious. Answer: Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, with only
vague or mild signs, but with harmful effects. Ex: "the xx effects of
stress"; hepatitis
⩥ subclinical. Answer: pathologic changes occur but no obvious
manifestations exhibited, perhaps because of great reserve capacity of
some organs. Ex: kidney damage may progress to an advanced stage of
renal failure before symptoms are manifested.
⩥ latent. Answer: silent stage, no clinical signs evident. May be called
incubation period in some infectious diseases. May be communicable
during this period.
⩥ prodromal. Answer: time in early development of disease; pt know of
change in body, but signs are nonspecific; a stage in infections. Labs
tests are negative, difficult to confirm diagnosis.
⩥ manifestations. Answer: clinical evidence or effects, signs and
symptoms, local or systemic
⩥ lesion. Answer: specific local change in tissue, may be microscopic
⩥ syndrome. Answer: collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting
more than one organ. Usually occur together in response to a certain
condition.
FULLY SOLVED EDITION WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ dural sinuses. Answer: Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous
blood and CSF for return to general circulation.
⩥ mediastinum (what is it). Answer: Area of thoracic cavity between
lungs. Location of trachea, esophagus, heart & large vessels
⩥ pericardial sac. Answer: Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled,
anchors heart to diaphragm.
⩥ endocardium. Answer: inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves
⩥ septum in heart. Answer: separtes L & R sides of heart
⩥ SA node - other name. Answer: pacemaker
⩥ sinus rhythm. Answer: basic rate of impulses generated by SA node
(70 beats per minute)
,⩥ location of sinoatrial node. Answer: right atrium
⩥ Where does impulse go to after SA node. Answer: Spreads through
atrial conduction pathways, resulting in contraction of both atria
⩥ AV node - what is it. Answer: Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives
here after SA node sent it through atria
⩥ AV node - where is it. Answer: Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the
only anatomical connection between atrial and ventricular portions of
conduction system.
⩥ AV bundle - other name. Answer: Bundle of His - other name
⩥ ECG - what does it do. Answer: Records electrical changes sent by
conduction impulses as picked up by electrodes
⩥ apoptosis. Answer: normal programmed cell death in tissues
⩥ endogenous. Answer: originating from within the body
⩥ exogenous. Answer: originating from outside the body
,⩥ gangrene. Answer: necrotic tissue infected by bacteria
⩥ hypoxia. Answer: decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the
tissues
⩥ iatrogenic. Answer: caused by a treatment, procedure or error
⩥ idiopathic. Answer: no known cause
⩥ ischemia. Answer: decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue
⩥ lysis. Answer: destruction of a cell
⩥ lysosomal enzymes. Answer: released into tissues undergoing lysis;
cause inflammation and damage to nearby cells and reduced function
⩥ morphologic. Answer: structural
⩥ pathogenesis. Answer: development of the disease or sequence of
events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease
process
, ⩥ insidious. Answer: Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, with only
vague or mild signs, but with harmful effects. Ex: "the xx effects of
stress"; hepatitis
⩥ subclinical. Answer: pathologic changes occur but no obvious
manifestations exhibited, perhaps because of great reserve capacity of
some organs. Ex: kidney damage may progress to an advanced stage of
renal failure before symptoms are manifested.
⩥ latent. Answer: silent stage, no clinical signs evident. May be called
incubation period in some infectious diseases. May be communicable
during this period.
⩥ prodromal. Answer: time in early development of disease; pt know of
change in body, but signs are nonspecific; a stage in infections. Labs
tests are negative, difficult to confirm diagnosis.
⩥ manifestations. Answer: clinical evidence or effects, signs and
symptoms, local or systemic
⩥ lesion. Answer: specific local change in tissue, may be microscopic
⩥ syndrome. Answer: collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting
more than one organ. Usually occur together in response to a certain
condition.
