BIOLOGY 1108 END OF COURSE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔Regeneration - ✔✔In the context of photosynthesis, the third step of the Calvin
Cycle, in which the 5-carbon molecule needed for carboxylation is produced
✔✔Photosystem II - ✔✔The photosystem that supplies electrons to the beginning of the
electron transport chain; can pull electrons from water when losing electrons
✔✔Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain - ✔✔A series of redox reactions in which
light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to power the movement of electrons; in
oxygenic photosynthesis, the electrons ultimately come from water and the terminal
electron acceptor is NADP+
✔✔Cyclic Electron Transport - ✔✔An alternative pathway for electrons during the Calvin
Cycle that increases the production of ATP
✔✔Chlorophyll - ✔✔The major photosynthetic pigment contained in the thylakoid
membrane; it plays a key role in the chloroplast's ability to capture energy from sunlight;
appears green because it is poor at absorbing green wavelengths
✔✔Z Scheme - ✔✔Another name for the photosynthetic electron transport chain, so
called because the overall energy trajectory resembles a "Z"
✔✔Ribulose Biphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase (Rubisco) - ✔✔The enzyme that
catalyzes the carboxylation reaction in the Calvin Cycle
✔✔Desiccation - ✔✔Excessive water loss; drying out
✔✔Bryophytes - ✔✔A paraphyletic group of nonvascular plants that includes the
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
✔✔Lycophytes - ✔✔A monophyletic major group of spore-dispersing vascular plants
that are the sister group to all other vascular plants
✔✔Ferns and Horsetails - ✔✔A monophyletic group of vascular plants that have leaves
and disperse by spores
✔✔Gymnosperms - ✔✔Seed plants whose ovules are not enclosed in a carpel; include
pine trees and other conifers
✔✔Angiosperms - ✔✔The flowering plants; a monophyletic group of seed plants
characterized by flowers, double fertilization, and fruits
, ✔✔Desiccation Tolerance - ✔✔A suite of biochemical traits that allow cells to survive
extreme dehydration without damage to membranes or macromolecules
✔✔Shoot - ✔✔The collective name for the leaves, stems, and reproductive organs, the
major above ground organ systems of vascular plants
✔✔Root - ✔✔A major organ system of vascular plants, generally belowground
✔✔Transpiration - ✔✔The loss of water vapor from leaves
✔✔Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) - ✔✔A mechanism in plants that helps
balance carbon dioxide gain and water loss by capturing carbon dioxide into 4-carbon
organic acids at night, when transpiration rates are low, and then using it to supply the
Calvin Cycle during the day while stomata remain closed
✔✔C4 Plants - ✔✔A plant in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into 4-carbon organic
acids that are then used to supply the Calvin Cycle
✔✔C3 Plants - ✔✔A plant that does not use 4-carbon organic acids to supply the Calvin
Cycle with carbon dioxide
✔✔Parenchyma - ✔✔In plants, described thin-walled, undifferentiated cells
✔✔Tracheids - ✔✔A unicellular xylem conduit
✔✔Vessels - ✔✔A multicellular xylem conduit
✔✔Cavitation - ✔✔The abrupt replacement of the water in a conduit by water vapor,
which blocks water flow in xylem
✔✔Sieve Tubes - ✔✔A multicellular unit composed of sieve elements that are
connected end to end, through which phloem transport takes place
✔✔Mycorrhizae - ✔✔Symbioses between roots and fungi that enhance nutrient uptake
✔✔Ectomycorrhizae - ✔✔One of two types of mycorrhizae; produces a thick sheath of
fungal cells (hyphae) that surround, but do not penetrate, root cells
✔✔Endomycorrhizae - ✔✔One of two types of mycorrhizae; hyphae penetrate into root
cells, where they produce highly branched structures (arbuscules), that provide a large
surface area for nutrient exchange
✔✔Dicot vs. Monocot - ✔✔
ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔Regeneration - ✔✔In the context of photosynthesis, the third step of the Calvin
Cycle, in which the 5-carbon molecule needed for carboxylation is produced
✔✔Photosystem II - ✔✔The photosystem that supplies electrons to the beginning of the
electron transport chain; can pull electrons from water when losing electrons
✔✔Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain - ✔✔A series of redox reactions in which
light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to power the movement of electrons; in
oxygenic photosynthesis, the electrons ultimately come from water and the terminal
electron acceptor is NADP+
✔✔Cyclic Electron Transport - ✔✔An alternative pathway for electrons during the Calvin
Cycle that increases the production of ATP
✔✔Chlorophyll - ✔✔The major photosynthetic pigment contained in the thylakoid
membrane; it plays a key role in the chloroplast's ability to capture energy from sunlight;
appears green because it is poor at absorbing green wavelengths
✔✔Z Scheme - ✔✔Another name for the photosynthetic electron transport chain, so
called because the overall energy trajectory resembles a "Z"
✔✔Ribulose Biphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase (Rubisco) - ✔✔The enzyme that
catalyzes the carboxylation reaction in the Calvin Cycle
✔✔Desiccation - ✔✔Excessive water loss; drying out
✔✔Bryophytes - ✔✔A paraphyletic group of nonvascular plants that includes the
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
✔✔Lycophytes - ✔✔A monophyletic major group of spore-dispersing vascular plants
that are the sister group to all other vascular plants
✔✔Ferns and Horsetails - ✔✔A monophyletic group of vascular plants that have leaves
and disperse by spores
✔✔Gymnosperms - ✔✔Seed plants whose ovules are not enclosed in a carpel; include
pine trees and other conifers
✔✔Angiosperms - ✔✔The flowering plants; a monophyletic group of seed plants
characterized by flowers, double fertilization, and fruits
, ✔✔Desiccation Tolerance - ✔✔A suite of biochemical traits that allow cells to survive
extreme dehydration without damage to membranes or macromolecules
✔✔Shoot - ✔✔The collective name for the leaves, stems, and reproductive organs, the
major above ground organ systems of vascular plants
✔✔Root - ✔✔A major organ system of vascular plants, generally belowground
✔✔Transpiration - ✔✔The loss of water vapor from leaves
✔✔Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) - ✔✔A mechanism in plants that helps
balance carbon dioxide gain and water loss by capturing carbon dioxide into 4-carbon
organic acids at night, when transpiration rates are low, and then using it to supply the
Calvin Cycle during the day while stomata remain closed
✔✔C4 Plants - ✔✔A plant in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into 4-carbon organic
acids that are then used to supply the Calvin Cycle
✔✔C3 Plants - ✔✔A plant that does not use 4-carbon organic acids to supply the Calvin
Cycle with carbon dioxide
✔✔Parenchyma - ✔✔In plants, described thin-walled, undifferentiated cells
✔✔Tracheids - ✔✔A unicellular xylem conduit
✔✔Vessels - ✔✔A multicellular xylem conduit
✔✔Cavitation - ✔✔The abrupt replacement of the water in a conduit by water vapor,
which blocks water flow in xylem
✔✔Sieve Tubes - ✔✔A multicellular unit composed of sieve elements that are
connected end to end, through which phloem transport takes place
✔✔Mycorrhizae - ✔✔Symbioses between roots and fungi that enhance nutrient uptake
✔✔Ectomycorrhizae - ✔✔One of two types of mycorrhizae; produces a thick sheath of
fungal cells (hyphae) that surround, but do not penetrate, root cells
✔✔Endomycorrhizae - ✔✔One of two types of mycorrhizae; hyphae penetrate into root
cells, where they produce highly branched structures (arbuscules), that provide a large
surface area for nutrient exchange
✔✔Dicot vs. Monocot - ✔✔
