PRN 1178 LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔For each positively charged cation in a fluid compartment - ✔✔There must be a
negatively charge anion so the balance is maintained
✔✔K+= 3.5-5.0 mEq/L - ✔✔Major intracellular cation
✔✔NA+= 135-145 mEq/L - ✔✔Major cation of extracellular fluid
✔✔CA+ = 8.4-10.6 mg/L - ✔✔Calcium - formation of bone and teeth
✔✔Mg2+=1.3-2.1 mg/dl - ✔✔Magnesium- building bones and teeth
✔✔PO43-=2.7-4.5 mg/dl - ✔✔Potassium- necessary for formation of ATP
✔✔CL-=96-106 mEq/L - ✔✔Chlorine - helps maintain acid- base balance
✔✔HCO3-=22-26 mEq/LA - ✔✔Bicarbonate- buffet that neutralizes excess acids in the
body. Helps regulate acid- base balance
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔Substances move from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of
LOW concentration
Ex: capillaries in kings move between alveoli and capillaries
✔✔Filtration - ✔✔Filtration, water and substances move through a semipermeable due
to pushing force- hydrostatic pressure
Ex: kidney filter
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Diffusion of liquid across membrane
Ex: fluid absorption
✔✔Active transport requires - ✔✔Cellular energy, uses ATP
Potassium/sodium cannot enter. Must be broke from electrolyte. Let's electrolytes move
back and forth
✔✔Hyponatremia - ✔✔Sodium- < 135 mEq/L
Restrict water intake as ordered for patients with congestive heart failure, kidney failure,
and inadequate antidivertic hormone production; liberalize a low sodium diet; closely
, monitor patient receiving IV solutions to correct hyponatermia; replace water loss with
fluids containing sodium
✔✔Hyperkalemia - ✔✔Potassium- >5.0 mEq/L
Decrease intake of foods high in potassium, increase fluid intake, provide adequate
carbs to prevent use of body proteins for energy, proper insulin to patients with
diabetes, salt substitutes
✔✔Hypernatremia - ✔✔Sodium -> 145 mEq/L
Increase fluid intakes, I's and O's, give water between tube feedings, restrict sodium
intake, monitor temperature
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔Potassium - < 3.5 mEq/L
Cardiac arrest, extra potassium must be given to help correct imbalance
✔✔Hypocalcemia - ✔✔Calcium- <8.4 mg/dL
Blood clotting, nerve condition, muscle contraction, cerpopedal soasm ( trousseau's
sign). Hyperactive reflexes (chvostek's sign), laryngospasm may occur if deficit is
severe
✔✔Hypercalcemia - ✔✔Calcium - >10.6 mg/dL
Administer diuretics, monitor I's and O's, encourage high fluid intake (3000-4000 ml/
day)
✔✔Hypomagnesemia - ✔✔Magnesium- <1.3 mEq/L
DNA and protein synthesis, magnesium imbalances and rare
Monitor IV infusions
✔✔Hypermagnesemia - ✔✔Magnesium > 2.1 mEq/L
Avoid abuse of laxatives and OTC, encourage fluid intake to increase urinary excretion,
I's and O's, administer diuretics as ordered
✔✔Hypophosphatemia - ✔✔Phosphate- < 3.0 mg/dL
Vitamin D deficiency, overuse of aluminum- containing antacids
✔✔Hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔Phosphate- >45 mg/dL
IV fluid therapy, calculation of IV fluid rates, monitor weight
✔✔Hypertonic solutions - ✔✔More solute outside the cell than inside the cell. Water
molecules leave the cell, this water loss causes the cell to shrink
✔✔Hypotonic solutions - ✔✔There is more solute inside the cell than outside the cell,
causing the cell to expand, as the water volume inside the cell increases
ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔For each positively charged cation in a fluid compartment - ✔✔There must be a
negatively charge anion so the balance is maintained
✔✔K+= 3.5-5.0 mEq/L - ✔✔Major intracellular cation
✔✔NA+= 135-145 mEq/L - ✔✔Major cation of extracellular fluid
✔✔CA+ = 8.4-10.6 mg/L - ✔✔Calcium - formation of bone and teeth
✔✔Mg2+=1.3-2.1 mg/dl - ✔✔Magnesium- building bones and teeth
✔✔PO43-=2.7-4.5 mg/dl - ✔✔Potassium- necessary for formation of ATP
✔✔CL-=96-106 mEq/L - ✔✔Chlorine - helps maintain acid- base balance
✔✔HCO3-=22-26 mEq/LA - ✔✔Bicarbonate- buffet that neutralizes excess acids in the
body. Helps regulate acid- base balance
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔Substances move from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of
LOW concentration
Ex: capillaries in kings move between alveoli and capillaries
✔✔Filtration - ✔✔Filtration, water and substances move through a semipermeable due
to pushing force- hydrostatic pressure
Ex: kidney filter
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Diffusion of liquid across membrane
Ex: fluid absorption
✔✔Active transport requires - ✔✔Cellular energy, uses ATP
Potassium/sodium cannot enter. Must be broke from electrolyte. Let's electrolytes move
back and forth
✔✔Hyponatremia - ✔✔Sodium- < 135 mEq/L
Restrict water intake as ordered for patients with congestive heart failure, kidney failure,
and inadequate antidivertic hormone production; liberalize a low sodium diet; closely
, monitor patient receiving IV solutions to correct hyponatermia; replace water loss with
fluids containing sodium
✔✔Hyperkalemia - ✔✔Potassium- >5.0 mEq/L
Decrease intake of foods high in potassium, increase fluid intake, provide adequate
carbs to prevent use of body proteins for energy, proper insulin to patients with
diabetes, salt substitutes
✔✔Hypernatremia - ✔✔Sodium -> 145 mEq/L
Increase fluid intakes, I's and O's, give water between tube feedings, restrict sodium
intake, monitor temperature
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔Potassium - < 3.5 mEq/L
Cardiac arrest, extra potassium must be given to help correct imbalance
✔✔Hypocalcemia - ✔✔Calcium- <8.4 mg/dL
Blood clotting, nerve condition, muscle contraction, cerpopedal soasm ( trousseau's
sign). Hyperactive reflexes (chvostek's sign), laryngospasm may occur if deficit is
severe
✔✔Hypercalcemia - ✔✔Calcium - >10.6 mg/dL
Administer diuretics, monitor I's and O's, encourage high fluid intake (3000-4000 ml/
day)
✔✔Hypomagnesemia - ✔✔Magnesium- <1.3 mEq/L
DNA and protein synthesis, magnesium imbalances and rare
Monitor IV infusions
✔✔Hypermagnesemia - ✔✔Magnesium > 2.1 mEq/L
Avoid abuse of laxatives and OTC, encourage fluid intake to increase urinary excretion,
I's and O's, administer diuretics as ordered
✔✔Hypophosphatemia - ✔✔Phosphate- < 3.0 mg/dL
Vitamin D deficiency, overuse of aluminum- containing antacids
✔✔Hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔Phosphate- >45 mg/dL
IV fluid therapy, calculation of IV fluid rates, monitor weight
✔✔Hypertonic solutions - ✔✔More solute outside the cell than inside the cell. Water
molecules leave the cell, this water loss causes the cell to shrink
✔✔Hypotonic solutions - ✔✔There is more solute inside the cell than outside the cell,
causing the cell to expand, as the water volume inside the cell increases
