NSG 122 Fundamental Concepts HESI
Final Exam questions and answers
2026\2027 A+ Grade
Evidence Based Practice
- correct answer Evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing is a problem-solving approach to making
clinical decisions, using the best evidence available (considered "best" because it is collected from
sources such as published research, national standards and guidelines, and reviews of targeted
literature).
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory Older Adults
- correct answer Integrity vs. Despair
People in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure.
People who feel proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity, and they can look back on
their lives with few regrets.
Droplet Precautions
- correct answer Droplet Precautions:
Use a private room, if available. Door may remain open.
Wear PPE upon entry into the room for all interactions that may involve contact with the patient and
potentially contaminated areas in the patient's environment.
Transport patient out of room only when necessary and place a surgical mask on the patient if possible.
Keep visitors 3 ft from the infected person.
Why are masks beneficial with droplet precautions?
- correct answer Masks help prevent the wearer from inhaling large-particle aerosols, which usually
travel short distances (about 3 ft), and small-particle droplet nuclei, which can remain suspended in the
air and travel longer distances. Masks also protect the patient from the respiratory secretions of the
health care worker. Masks discourage the wearer from touching the eyes, nose, and mouth, thus
limiting contact of organisms with mucous membranes.
,Cough Etiquette
- correct answer Any patients, family members, and visitors with undiagnosed, transmissible respiratory
infections require education to cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing and promptly
dispose of the tissue. During periods of increased occurrence of respiratory infections, offer a surgical
mask to coughing patients and other symptomatic people upon entry to the health care facility or office.
Encourage the coughing patient to maintain more than a 3-ft separation from other people in the health
care facility or office.
Factors Affecting Risk for Infection
- correct answer Factors affecting the risk for infection include: integrity of mucous membranes, pH
levels of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, immune response, age, sex, race, heredity, level
of fatigue, nutritional status, stress level, use of invasive or indwelling medical devices and
immunizations (natural or acquired)
Abnormal Wound Drainage
- correct answer Purulent drainage is made up of white blood cells, liquefied dead tissue debris, and
both dead and live bacteria. Purulent drainage is thick, often has a musty or foul odor, and varies in
color (such as dark yellow or green), depending on the causative organism.
Pressure Ulcer Stage 1
- correct answer A stage 1 pressure injury is a defined, localized area of intact skin with nonblanchable
erythema (redness). Darkly pigmented skin may not have visible blanching; its color may differ from the
surrounding skin. The area may be painful, firm, soft, warmer, or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue
Pressure Ulcer Stage 2
- correct answer A stage 2 pressure injury involves partial-thickness loss of dermis and presents as a
shallow, open ulcer or a ruptured/intact serum-filled blister
Pressure Ulcer Stage 3
- correct answer A stage 3 pressure injury presents with full-thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may
be visible and epibole (rolled wound edges) may occur, but bone, tendon, or muscle is not exposed.
Slough and/or eschar that may be present do not obscure the depth of tissue loss. Ulcers
Pressure Ulcer Stage 4
- correct answer Stage 4 injuries involve full-thickness tissue loss with exposed or palpable bone,
cartilage, ligament, tendon, fascia, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some part of the
wound bed; epibole, undermining, and/or tunneling often occur
, Wound Infection
- correct answer Symptoms of infection include purulent drainage; increased drainage, pain, redness,
and swelling in and around the wound; increased body temperature; and increased white blood cell
count. Additional signs and symptoms include delayed healing and discoloration of granulation tissue in
the wound
Braden Scale
- correct answer Braden Scale: mental status, continence, mobility, activity, and nutrition
Using the Braden scale (VHMMN)
Lower to 9 Very high risk-V
10 to 12 High risk-H
13 to 14 Moderate risk-M
15 to 18 Mild risk-M
19 to 23 indicate No risk-N
Heat Application
- correct answer The application of heat accelerates the inflammatory response to promote healing.
The application of local heat dilates peripheral blood vessels, increases tissue metabolism, reduces
blood viscosity and increases capillary permeability, reduces muscle tension, and helps relieve pain.
Vasodilation increases local blood flow. In turn, the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the area is
increased, and venous congestion is decreased
Careful on large parts of the body
Dysnpea Positioning
- correct answer High Fowler's Position because accessory muscles can easily be used to promote
respirations
Partial Rebreather Mask
- correct answer Low Flow 8-11L/min, set flow rate so the mask remains two thirds full during
inspiration, keep reservoir bag free of twists or kinks
Final Exam questions and answers
2026\2027 A+ Grade
Evidence Based Practice
- correct answer Evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing is a problem-solving approach to making
clinical decisions, using the best evidence available (considered "best" because it is collected from
sources such as published research, national standards and guidelines, and reviews of targeted
literature).
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory Older Adults
- correct answer Integrity vs. Despair
People in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure.
People who feel proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity, and they can look back on
their lives with few regrets.
Droplet Precautions
- correct answer Droplet Precautions:
Use a private room, if available. Door may remain open.
Wear PPE upon entry into the room for all interactions that may involve contact with the patient and
potentially contaminated areas in the patient's environment.
Transport patient out of room only when necessary and place a surgical mask on the patient if possible.
Keep visitors 3 ft from the infected person.
Why are masks beneficial with droplet precautions?
- correct answer Masks help prevent the wearer from inhaling large-particle aerosols, which usually
travel short distances (about 3 ft), and small-particle droplet nuclei, which can remain suspended in the
air and travel longer distances. Masks also protect the patient from the respiratory secretions of the
health care worker. Masks discourage the wearer from touching the eyes, nose, and mouth, thus
limiting contact of organisms with mucous membranes.
,Cough Etiquette
- correct answer Any patients, family members, and visitors with undiagnosed, transmissible respiratory
infections require education to cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing and promptly
dispose of the tissue. During periods of increased occurrence of respiratory infections, offer a surgical
mask to coughing patients and other symptomatic people upon entry to the health care facility or office.
Encourage the coughing patient to maintain more than a 3-ft separation from other people in the health
care facility or office.
Factors Affecting Risk for Infection
- correct answer Factors affecting the risk for infection include: integrity of mucous membranes, pH
levels of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, immune response, age, sex, race, heredity, level
of fatigue, nutritional status, stress level, use of invasive or indwelling medical devices and
immunizations (natural or acquired)
Abnormal Wound Drainage
- correct answer Purulent drainage is made up of white blood cells, liquefied dead tissue debris, and
both dead and live bacteria. Purulent drainage is thick, often has a musty or foul odor, and varies in
color (such as dark yellow or green), depending on the causative organism.
Pressure Ulcer Stage 1
- correct answer A stage 1 pressure injury is a defined, localized area of intact skin with nonblanchable
erythema (redness). Darkly pigmented skin may not have visible blanching; its color may differ from the
surrounding skin. The area may be painful, firm, soft, warmer, or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue
Pressure Ulcer Stage 2
- correct answer A stage 2 pressure injury involves partial-thickness loss of dermis and presents as a
shallow, open ulcer or a ruptured/intact serum-filled blister
Pressure Ulcer Stage 3
- correct answer A stage 3 pressure injury presents with full-thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may
be visible and epibole (rolled wound edges) may occur, but bone, tendon, or muscle is not exposed.
Slough and/or eschar that may be present do not obscure the depth of tissue loss. Ulcers
Pressure Ulcer Stage 4
- correct answer Stage 4 injuries involve full-thickness tissue loss with exposed or palpable bone,
cartilage, ligament, tendon, fascia, or muscle. Slough or eschar may be present on some part of the
wound bed; epibole, undermining, and/or tunneling often occur
, Wound Infection
- correct answer Symptoms of infection include purulent drainage; increased drainage, pain, redness,
and swelling in and around the wound; increased body temperature; and increased white blood cell
count. Additional signs and symptoms include delayed healing and discoloration of granulation tissue in
the wound
Braden Scale
- correct answer Braden Scale: mental status, continence, mobility, activity, and nutrition
Using the Braden scale (VHMMN)
Lower to 9 Very high risk-V
10 to 12 High risk-H
13 to 14 Moderate risk-M
15 to 18 Mild risk-M
19 to 23 indicate No risk-N
Heat Application
- correct answer The application of heat accelerates the inflammatory response to promote healing.
The application of local heat dilates peripheral blood vessels, increases tissue metabolism, reduces
blood viscosity and increases capillary permeability, reduces muscle tension, and helps relieve pain.
Vasodilation increases local blood flow. In turn, the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the area is
increased, and venous congestion is decreased
Careful on large parts of the body
Dysnpea Positioning
- correct answer High Fowler's Position because accessory muscles can easily be used to promote
respirations
Partial Rebreather Mask
- correct answer Low Flow 8-11L/min, set flow rate so the mask remains two thirds full during
inspiration, keep reservoir bag free of twists or kinks
