NSG 6430 WEEK 2 KNOWLEDGE CHECK
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ GnRH Pulse Generator Answer: At the time of puberty, GnRH is
secreted from the GnRH pulse generator in the hypothalamus,
leading to pituitary secretion of LH and FSH and subsequent
secretion of estradiol from the ovaries or testosterone from the
testes. The exact triggers are still incompletely understood, although
new research has elucidated new potential regulators and key
players in the awakening of this system. These include leptin, the
genes GPR54/KiSS-1, as well as several neuropeptides and
neurotransmitters.
◉ ADRENARCHE Answer: The increased secretion of androgens
from the adrenal gland, called adrenarche, in the prepubertal and
pubertal periods is independent of HPG changes.
◉ What is the Local conversion of DHEA-S to testosterone and then
to dihydrotestosterone is responsible for? Answer: -hair growth in
the androgen-dependent areas (face, chest, pubic area, axillae).
Axillary and pubic areas are the most sensitive to the effects of
androgens, which is why these areas are the first to develop sexual
hair.
,-local conversion of DHEA-S within the apocrine glands of the axillae
causes body odor,
-conversion within sebaceous glands is responsible for the
development of acne.
◉ What is the height spurt during puberty attributed to? Answer:
primarily upon growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors,
but many other hormones may influence growth as well, especially
the sex steroids. Without prompt recognition and treatment,
premature or delayed puberty may have marked effects on height.
◉ What is most linear growth contributed to? Answer: Growth
hormone and its feedback loop
◉ GH during Puberty Answer: GH secretion is increased by growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and decreased by
somatostatin from the hypothalamic arm of the loop. Growth
hormone has been shown to double during the pubertal growth
spurt. Like many hormones, GH is secreted in pulsatile fashion, with
maximum rates at the onset of slow-wave sleep. It is this pulsatile
secretion that renders random testing of GH unhelpful. GH exerts its
effects through IGFs, mainly IGF-I (formerly somatomedin-C) and
IGF-II.
◉ Prediction of Final Height for girls Answer: (fathers height-13 cm
or 5 inches) + mothers height/2
,◉ Growth Velocity during puberty Answer: Growth velocity during
the pubertal growth spurt is at its highest levels outside of infancy. It
should be noted that in calculating growth velocity, it is important to
have an interval of 6 to 12 months, as growth is greatest in the
spring and summer months. Although males and females are
roughly the same height upon entry into puberty, males emerge
taller by 13 cm on average. This is primarily due to boys' 2-year lag
behind girls in attaining their peak height velocity, but a small
amount of height may be accounted for by the higher peak velocity.
Girls gain their peak height velocity of 8.3 cm/year at an average age
of 11.5 years (Tanner stages B2 to B3) while boys do not reach their
peak height velocity of 9.5 cm/year until the age of 13.5 years (at
Tanner genital stages 3 to 4). There are also curves available for
early and late maturers.
◉ Prediction of final height for boys Answer: (fathers height + 13 cm
or 5 inches) + mothers height / 2
◉ Bayley-Pinneau Method. for predicting height Answer: This
technique uses bone age to predict final height. It is based on the
attainment of a bone age, on x-ray of the left hand and wrist, that is
then matched to standards.
◉ how does the sex steroid Gonadal steroids effect height in
puberty? Answer: contribute to the growth spurt by inducing an
, increase in GH secretion and stimulating local production of IGF-1 in
cartilage and bone directly
◉ How does the sex steroid Estrogen effect height in puberty?
Answer: the hormone most involved with the growth spurt via its
effects on bone and cartilage in men and women.
◉ How does the sex steroid Estradiol effect growth in puberty?
Answer: Estradiol concentration correlates with the pubertal growth
spurt; girls experience an increase in estradiol earlier than boys and
achieve the corresponding increase in peak height velocity earlier as
well
◉ how do androgens effect growth during puberty? (PG 11) Answer:
have little direct effect on pubertal bone growth. Androgens have a
role in the sexual dimorphism of the skeleton and are likely
responsible for the greater increase in periosteal bone deposition
and therefore bone strength in men as compared with women.
◉ Men vs woman in lean body mass and bone mass at end of
puberty? Answer: men have 1.5 times more lean body mass and
skeletal mass than women and women have double the fat mass.
◉ What are Major determinants of Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
Answer: physical activity level, heredity, nutrition, endocrine
function, and other lifestyle factors.
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ GnRH Pulse Generator Answer: At the time of puberty, GnRH is
secreted from the GnRH pulse generator in the hypothalamus,
leading to pituitary secretion of LH and FSH and subsequent
secretion of estradiol from the ovaries or testosterone from the
testes. The exact triggers are still incompletely understood, although
new research has elucidated new potential regulators and key
players in the awakening of this system. These include leptin, the
genes GPR54/KiSS-1, as well as several neuropeptides and
neurotransmitters.
◉ ADRENARCHE Answer: The increased secretion of androgens
from the adrenal gland, called adrenarche, in the prepubertal and
pubertal periods is independent of HPG changes.
◉ What is the Local conversion of DHEA-S to testosterone and then
to dihydrotestosterone is responsible for? Answer: -hair growth in
the androgen-dependent areas (face, chest, pubic area, axillae).
Axillary and pubic areas are the most sensitive to the effects of
androgens, which is why these areas are the first to develop sexual
hair.
,-local conversion of DHEA-S within the apocrine glands of the axillae
causes body odor,
-conversion within sebaceous glands is responsible for the
development of acne.
◉ What is the height spurt during puberty attributed to? Answer:
primarily upon growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors,
but many other hormones may influence growth as well, especially
the sex steroids. Without prompt recognition and treatment,
premature or delayed puberty may have marked effects on height.
◉ What is most linear growth contributed to? Answer: Growth
hormone and its feedback loop
◉ GH during Puberty Answer: GH secretion is increased by growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and decreased by
somatostatin from the hypothalamic arm of the loop. Growth
hormone has been shown to double during the pubertal growth
spurt. Like many hormones, GH is secreted in pulsatile fashion, with
maximum rates at the onset of slow-wave sleep. It is this pulsatile
secretion that renders random testing of GH unhelpful. GH exerts its
effects through IGFs, mainly IGF-I (formerly somatomedin-C) and
IGF-II.
◉ Prediction of Final Height for girls Answer: (fathers height-13 cm
or 5 inches) + mothers height/2
,◉ Growth Velocity during puberty Answer: Growth velocity during
the pubertal growth spurt is at its highest levels outside of infancy. It
should be noted that in calculating growth velocity, it is important to
have an interval of 6 to 12 months, as growth is greatest in the
spring and summer months. Although males and females are
roughly the same height upon entry into puberty, males emerge
taller by 13 cm on average. This is primarily due to boys' 2-year lag
behind girls in attaining their peak height velocity, but a small
amount of height may be accounted for by the higher peak velocity.
Girls gain their peak height velocity of 8.3 cm/year at an average age
of 11.5 years (Tanner stages B2 to B3) while boys do not reach their
peak height velocity of 9.5 cm/year until the age of 13.5 years (at
Tanner genital stages 3 to 4). There are also curves available for
early and late maturers.
◉ Prediction of final height for boys Answer: (fathers height + 13 cm
or 5 inches) + mothers height / 2
◉ Bayley-Pinneau Method. for predicting height Answer: This
technique uses bone age to predict final height. It is based on the
attainment of a bone age, on x-ray of the left hand and wrist, that is
then matched to standards.
◉ how does the sex steroid Gonadal steroids effect height in
puberty? Answer: contribute to the growth spurt by inducing an
, increase in GH secretion and stimulating local production of IGF-1 in
cartilage and bone directly
◉ How does the sex steroid Estrogen effect height in puberty?
Answer: the hormone most involved with the growth spurt via its
effects on bone and cartilage in men and women.
◉ How does the sex steroid Estradiol effect growth in puberty?
Answer: Estradiol concentration correlates with the pubertal growth
spurt; girls experience an increase in estradiol earlier than boys and
achieve the corresponding increase in peak height velocity earlier as
well
◉ how do androgens effect growth during puberty? (PG 11) Answer:
have little direct effect on pubertal bone growth. Androgens have a
role in the sexual dimorphism of the skeleton and are likely
responsible for the greater increase in periosteal bone deposition
and therefore bone strength in men as compared with women.
◉ Men vs woman in lean body mass and bone mass at end of
puberty? Answer: men have 1.5 times more lean body mass and
skeletal mass than women and women have double the fat mass.
◉ What are Major determinants of Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
Answer: physical activity level, heredity, nutrition, endocrine
function, and other lifestyle factors.
