PRN 1178 UPDATED COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔Common problems cancer - ✔✔Anorexia; malnutrition; mucositis; weight loss of 2 or
more lbs per week; fatigue; hyperuricemia- elevated uric acids; immunosuppression
decreases WBC
✔✔Biopsy - ✔✔Sample of tissues
✔✔Radiologic - ✔✔X-Ray; CT ; MRI
✔✔Endoscopy - ✔✔Scope of throat
✔✔Laboratory - ✔✔Blood + urine
✔✔Dietary requirements- malignancies ( cancerous tumors) - ✔✔Foods high in protein
and calories, bland, lukewarm; carbonated drinks can be tolerated but not taken with
meals 1 hr before or after; *** caffeine, rich or fatty foods AVOID***
✔✔Mucositis- irritation and inflammation of the mucosa in the mouth - ✔✔Mouth must
be moist; swish and spit meds for PAIN RELEIF; maintain oral hygiene
✔✔Cancer nursing interventions - ✔✔Medications: antiemetic's - monitor for
dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Immunosuppression : keep comfortable, encourage oral intake
Ineffective coping: be honest, positive approach, psychosocial and spiritual care
Palliative care- comfort care : netting the needs of the dying put by providing comfort
and maintaining a high quality of life.
- allow pain free death
- transdermal medications
- rectal pain meds
✔✔End stage symptoms - ✔✔Pain, dyspena, death rattle, delirium
✔✔Osmolaity - ✔✔Concentration of the solution determined by the # of solutes in it
*** normal osmolality of body fluids : 280 to 294 mOsm/kg (millions miles per kilogram)
✔✔nonelectrolyte solutes - ✔✔Protein, urea, glucose, creatinine, bilirubin
, ✔✔Electrolytes contribute to - ✔✔The osmolality of the ICF (intracellular fluid)
✔✔Potassium maintains - ✔✔The osmolality of the ECF (extracellular fluid)
✔✔Cations - ✔✔+
✔✔Anion - ✔✔-
✔✔For each positively charged cation in a fluid compartment - ✔✔There must be a
negatively charge anion so the balance is maintained
✔✔K+= 3.5-5.0 mEq/L - ✔✔Major intracellular cation
✔✔NA+= 135-145 mEq/L - ✔✔Major cation of extracellular fluid
✔✔CA+ = 8.4-10.6 mg/L - ✔✔Calcium - formation of bone and teeth
✔✔Mg2+=1.3-2.1 mg/dl - ✔✔Magnesium- building bones and teeth
✔✔PO43-=2.7-4.5 mg/dl - ✔✔Potassium- necessary for formation of ATP
✔✔CL-=96-106 mEq/L - ✔✔Chlorine - helps maintain acid- base balance
✔✔HCO3-=22-26 mEq/LA - ✔✔Bicarbonate- buffet that neutralizes excess acids in the
body. Helps regulate acid- base balance
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔Substances move from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of
LOW concentration
Ex: capillaries in kings move between alveoli and capillaries
✔✔Filtration - ✔✔Filtration, water and substances move through a semipermeable due
to pushing force- hydrostatic pressure
Ex: kidney filter
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Diffusion of liquid across membrane
Ex: fluid absorption
✔✔Active transport requires - ✔✔Cellular energy, uses ATP
Potassium/sodium cannot enter. Must be broke from electrolyte. Let's electrolytes move
back and forth
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔Common problems cancer - ✔✔Anorexia; malnutrition; mucositis; weight loss of 2 or
more lbs per week; fatigue; hyperuricemia- elevated uric acids; immunosuppression
decreases WBC
✔✔Biopsy - ✔✔Sample of tissues
✔✔Radiologic - ✔✔X-Ray; CT ; MRI
✔✔Endoscopy - ✔✔Scope of throat
✔✔Laboratory - ✔✔Blood + urine
✔✔Dietary requirements- malignancies ( cancerous tumors) - ✔✔Foods high in protein
and calories, bland, lukewarm; carbonated drinks can be tolerated but not taken with
meals 1 hr before or after; *** caffeine, rich or fatty foods AVOID***
✔✔Mucositis- irritation and inflammation of the mucosa in the mouth - ✔✔Mouth must
be moist; swish and spit meds for PAIN RELEIF; maintain oral hygiene
✔✔Cancer nursing interventions - ✔✔Medications: antiemetic's - monitor for
dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Immunosuppression : keep comfortable, encourage oral intake
Ineffective coping: be honest, positive approach, psychosocial and spiritual care
Palliative care- comfort care : netting the needs of the dying put by providing comfort
and maintaining a high quality of life.
- allow pain free death
- transdermal medications
- rectal pain meds
✔✔End stage symptoms - ✔✔Pain, dyspena, death rattle, delirium
✔✔Osmolaity - ✔✔Concentration of the solution determined by the # of solutes in it
*** normal osmolality of body fluids : 280 to 294 mOsm/kg (millions miles per kilogram)
✔✔nonelectrolyte solutes - ✔✔Protein, urea, glucose, creatinine, bilirubin
, ✔✔Electrolytes contribute to - ✔✔The osmolality of the ICF (intracellular fluid)
✔✔Potassium maintains - ✔✔The osmolality of the ECF (extracellular fluid)
✔✔Cations - ✔✔+
✔✔Anion - ✔✔-
✔✔For each positively charged cation in a fluid compartment - ✔✔There must be a
negatively charge anion so the balance is maintained
✔✔K+= 3.5-5.0 mEq/L - ✔✔Major intracellular cation
✔✔NA+= 135-145 mEq/L - ✔✔Major cation of extracellular fluid
✔✔CA+ = 8.4-10.6 mg/L - ✔✔Calcium - formation of bone and teeth
✔✔Mg2+=1.3-2.1 mg/dl - ✔✔Magnesium- building bones and teeth
✔✔PO43-=2.7-4.5 mg/dl - ✔✔Potassium- necessary for formation of ATP
✔✔CL-=96-106 mEq/L - ✔✔Chlorine - helps maintain acid- base balance
✔✔HCO3-=22-26 mEq/LA - ✔✔Bicarbonate- buffet that neutralizes excess acids in the
body. Helps regulate acid- base balance
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔Substances move from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of
LOW concentration
Ex: capillaries in kings move between alveoli and capillaries
✔✔Filtration - ✔✔Filtration, water and substances move through a semipermeable due
to pushing force- hydrostatic pressure
Ex: kidney filter
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Diffusion of liquid across membrane
Ex: fluid absorption
✔✔Active transport requires - ✔✔Cellular energy, uses ATP
Potassium/sodium cannot enter. Must be broke from electrolyte. Let's electrolytes move
back and forth
