Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1
Gonzaga 241
Objectives and their respective answers:
Define physiology: physiology is the study of living organisms, its functions and its parts.
List the levels of organization from atoms to systems: atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ
systems, organism, population, ecosystem, and biosphere
List the four major themes of physiology:
1. All living things require energy
2. Structure relates to function
3. Central Dogma ( DNA to RNA to Protein)
4. Systems are in homeostasis, out of homeostasis may result in sickness or worsening symptoms
Explain the law of mass balance: Mass balance = input = output a influx= outflux
Example: Renourishing the body with water after sweating due to physical activity.
Systems:
MR DICE RUNS L(ONG) - common pneumonic
muscular system - support and movement, muscles
respiratory - breathing including the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen into the environment
integumentary - skin and hair, first layer of defense from pathogens - skin
circulatory - heart
endocrine - hormones
reproductive - sexual reproduction
nervous - coordinates bodily function through the release of electrical and chemical signals
skeletal - bone structure and support
lymphatic - immune system
Feedback loops:
Positive feedback loop
- reinforces the stimulus for example childbirth observed in baby contractions until the baby is
born.
Negative feedback loop
- Returning to homeostasis, or set point under ideal conditions, includes sensor integrator and
effector.
- Example regulating bodily heat temperatures, or regulating glucose levels in the body
Feed forward control
- The body anticipates the change for example, salivation when food is present.
Gonzaga 241
Objectives and their respective answers:
Define physiology: physiology is the study of living organisms, its functions and its parts.
List the levels of organization from atoms to systems: atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ
systems, organism, population, ecosystem, and biosphere
List the four major themes of physiology:
1. All living things require energy
2. Structure relates to function
3. Central Dogma ( DNA to RNA to Protein)
4. Systems are in homeostasis, out of homeostasis may result in sickness or worsening symptoms
Explain the law of mass balance: Mass balance = input = output a influx= outflux
Example: Renourishing the body with water after sweating due to physical activity.
Systems:
MR DICE RUNS L(ONG) - common pneumonic
muscular system - support and movement, muscles
respiratory - breathing including the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen into the environment
integumentary - skin and hair, first layer of defense from pathogens - skin
circulatory - heart
endocrine - hormones
reproductive - sexual reproduction
nervous - coordinates bodily function through the release of electrical and chemical signals
skeletal - bone structure and support
lymphatic - immune system
Feedback loops:
Positive feedback loop
- reinforces the stimulus for example childbirth observed in baby contractions until the baby is
born.
Negative feedback loop
- Returning to homeostasis, or set point under ideal conditions, includes sensor integrator and
effector.
- Example regulating bodily heat temperatures, or regulating glucose levels in the body
Feed forward control
- The body anticipates the change for example, salivation when food is present.
