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NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
(Latest Update) Real Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct | Already Graded A+.
1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?: Heart disease, Alzheimers,
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN,
HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
destruction, damage mitochondria
2. What is the body's defense against ROS?: Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
3. How are free radicals produced?: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
4. action potential: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
5. Threshold potential: Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
6. Hypokalemia and action potentials: HYPERpolarized (more negative,
ex. - 100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
7. Hyperkalemia and action potentials: HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis
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8. Hypocalcemia and action potentials: Increased permeability to Na+.
More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
9. Hypercalcemia and action potentials: Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
10. Atrophy: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient
supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells
are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
11. Atrophy examples: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
12. Hypertrophy: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in
size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional
demand.
13 Hypertrophy examples: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy
when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased
workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
14. Hyperplasia: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased
rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis
(cell division).
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15. Hyperplasia examples: 1. of skin because of
Thickening
NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
(Latest Update) Real Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct | Already Graded A+.
1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?: Heart disease, Alzheimers,
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN,
HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
destruction, damage mitochondria
2. What is the body's defense against ROS?: Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
3. How are free radicals produced?: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
4. action potential: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
5. Threshold potential: Point at which depolarization must reach in
order to initiate an action potential
6. Hypokalemia and action potentials: HYPERpolarized (more negative,
ex. - 100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
7. Hyperkalemia and action potentials: HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis
,2
,3
8. Hypocalcemia and action potentials: Increased permeability to Na+.
More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
9. Hypercalcemia and action potentials: Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
10. Atrophy: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient
supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells
are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
11. Atrophy examples: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
12. Hypertrophy: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in
size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional
demand.
13 Hypertrophy examples: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy
when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased
workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
14. Hyperplasia: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased
rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis
(cell division).
, 4
15. Hyperplasia examples: 1. of skin because of
Thickening
