NR 222 Exam 1 Study Guide
Definitions of health, health promotion, illness, disease
i i i i i i
Nurses Role in health and illness: Understands the challenges of today’s health care system/ Identifies
actual and potential risk factors/ Experiences compassion fatigue
Health Defined in text-is a state of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a
person’s potential and is experienced within the development context. Health is considered to be part of
the metaparadigm for nursing, which includes the four components of person, health, environment, and
nursing. Health encompasses spiritual, developmental, and environmental aspects over time.
Health Defined by (WHO) is more consistent- The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. Example: A person with diabetes maybe
considered healthy if she is able to adapt to her illness and live a meaningful, spiritually satisfying life.
Example Question: Astate of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a person’s
potential and is experienced within a developmental context is known as: Health
Ex Question: Health is considered to be a metaparadigm for nursing and includes which of the following
components? (select all that apply) Person, Health, Environment, Nursing
HealthiPromotion- The science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of
optimal health. The process of advocating health to enhance the probability that personal (individual,
family and community) private (professional and business) and public (federal, state and local
government) Health promotion is also proactive decision making at all levels of society. Health
promotion holds the best promise for lower-cost methods of limiting the constant increase in healthcare
costs. Increasing a patient’s level of well-being within their environment to pursue health.
Ex Questions: The nurse assesses a community for evidence of health-promotion strategies. Which of the
following are health-promotion strategies? Self-Care for minor illness/Environmental changes to enhance
clean air/Supporting Habitat for Humanity House Construction.
Ex Question: Public health nurses are involved in supporting active health promotion strategies such as:
Participating in an individual daily exercise program.
Ex Question: Nurses in the school setting can participate in ihealthipromotioniactivities through creating
nut-free schools. This would protect hypersensitive children from life-threatening allergic reactions to
peanuts and other nut products. This type of program is an example of which of the following
interventions? Primary Prevention Level which also ties into Health Promotion.
Ex Question: Which of the following demonstrates a nurse taking action to promote health and prevent
disease? Educating a person about the advantages of a heart-healthy diet during a home visit.
Rationale: Solutions for health promotion are focused on individual and government involvement. To
promote health and wellness, an emphasis must be placed on primary prevention. This is often relatedto
actions such as education that influence lifestyle choices. In the preceding example, educating a
,person about the advantages of a heart-healthy diet during a home visit serves to influence lifestyle
choices.
Ex Question: In addition to changes in ethnic and racial distribution within the population, it is expected
that changes in distribution will affect health promotion practice. Answer: Age
Illness- is a state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired. A person can have a disease without feeling ill and a person can
also feel ill without having a diagnosable disease. Ex Question: Which of the following best describes a
client who has an illness? Someone with a headache. Someone with a headache represents a person
with an illness. An illness is made up of the subjective experience of the individual and the physical
manifestation of disease. It can be described as a response characterized by a mismatch between a
person’s needs and the resources available to meet those needs. A person can have a disease without
feeling ill. Ex Question: When illness occurs, different attitudes about it cause people to react in different
ways. What do medical sociologists call this reaction to illness?Illness ibehavior
Disease- means without ease/ the failure of a person’s adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and
stresses adequately, resulting in functional or structural disturbances.
Ex. Question Which of the following agencies or initiatives have been driving forces in HealthiCare
iReform and the prevention of iDisease in society? (select all that apply)
Healthy People/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare/ U.S. Department of Health andHuman
Services
Internal and External Variables influencing health beliefs and practices
i i i i i i i i
InternaliVariables- include aperson’s developmental stage, intellectual background, perceptionof
functioning, and emotional and spiritual factors.
Ex Question for Internal Variables: A nurse is assessing internal variables that are affecting the patient’s
health status. Which area should the nurse assess? Perception of Functioning.
• Developmental stage- A Person’s thoughts and behavior patterns change throughout life.
Emotionaldevelopment may also influence personal beliefs about health-related matters.
• Intellectual Background- A person’s belief about health are shaped in part by a person’s
knowledge, lack of knowledge or incorrect information about body functions and illnesses,
educational background, and past experiences.
• Perception of functioning- The way people perceive their physical functioning affects health
beliefs and practices. When accessing a patient’s level of health, you gather subjective data
about the way the patient perceives physical functioning such as a level of fatigue, shortness of
breath or pain. Objective data such as blood pressure, height measurements and lung sound
assessments.
• Emotional Factors- The patient’s degree of stress, depression or fear can influence health belief
and practices.
,• Spiritual Factors- Spirituality is reflected in how a person lives his or her life, including the values
and beliefs exercised the relationships established with family and friends, and the ability to find
hope and meaning in life.
Ex Question: A nurse is assessing internal variables that are affecting the patient’s health status.
Which area should the nurse assess? Perception of Functioning
ExternaliVariables- influencing a person’s health belief and practices include family practices,
socioeconomic factors, and cultural background.
Ex. Question A male patient has been laid off from his construction job and has many unpaid bills. Heis
going through a divorce from his marriage of 15 years and has been seeing his pastor to help him
through this difficult time. He does not have a primary health care provider because he has never
really been sick, and his parents never took him to a physician when he was a child. Which external
variables influence the patient’s health practices? (Select all that apply.)
- Difficulty paying bills/ Stress from divorce and loss of job/ Family of not routinely seeing a
healthcare provider as a child
Ex Question: The nurse is admitting a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is the fourth
time the patient is being admitted in the last 6 months for high blood sugars. During the admission
process, the nurse asks the patient about employment status and displays a nonjudgmental attitude.
What is the rationale for the nurse’s actions?
- A person’s compliance is affected by economic status.
Ex Question: Which areas should the nurse assess to determine the effects of external variables on a
patient’s illness? Social Support/ Cultural Back ground/ Socioeconomic status
• Family Practice- Theway that patient’s families use health care services generally affectstheir
health practices.
• Socioeconomic factors- social and psychosocial factors increase the risk for illness and influence
the way that a person defines and reacts to illness.
• Cultural Background- influences, beliefs, values and customs. It influences the approach to the
health care system, personal health practices, and the nurse patient relationship.
Models of Health/ Clinical Etc.
i i i i
• Clinical Model- (absence of disease) the absence and illness by conspicuous presence of
signs and symptoms of disease. People who use the model may not seek preventative health
services or they may wait until they are very ill to seek care.
Ex Questions: The nurse is teaching about iprimaryiprevention and includes which educational
statement in the instructions? Health teaching about the risk factors of heart disease should be
performed.
The client who would be least likely to participate in health teaching activities would choose which
model? iClinicaliModel
• Role Performance Model- individual’s ability to perform social roles. Illness would be the
failure to perform roles at the level of others in society. “The Sick Role”
, • Adaptive Model- person ability to adapt positively to social, mental, and physiological
change. Illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to these
changes. Ex Spirituality can be useful in adapting to a decreased level of functioning in older
adults. Or a person living with diabetes can be healthy if they have adapted to the disease if
not accepted then illness occurs.
• Eudaimonistic Model- Exuberant iWell-Being /Patients view of health focusing on total well-
being, emphasizes connection between physical, social, spiritual aspects of life and the
environment that contribute to goal attainment and create meaning. This model is also more
congruent with integrative modes of therapy.
Healthy People 2020 Over Arching 4 Goals
i i i i i i
• Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable diseases, disability, injury and premature
death.
• Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
• Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
• Promote quality of life, health development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.
Healthy People 2020 objectives provide a framework for? Prevention
A nurse is teaching about the goals of Healthy People 2020. Which information should the nurse
include in the teaching session? Eliminate Health Disparities in America
A nurse is following the goals of Healthy People 2020 to provide care. Which action should the nurse
take? Create social and physical environments that promote good health.
Levels of Prevention
i i
• Primary- precedes disease or dysfunction. Includes health promotion such as health education
about risk factors for heart disease and specific protection, such as immunizations against Hep B.
Its purpose is to decrease the vulnerability of the individual or population to disease or
dysfunction.
- Ex. Health Education, immunizations, provision of adequate housing, marriage counseling and
sex education
- Primary iprevention is aimed at health promotion and includes health-education programs,
immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities. It can be provided to an individual
and includes activities that focus on maintaining or improving the general health of individuals,
families, and communities. It also includes specific protection such as immunization for
influenza.
Ex Question: The nurse is participating at a health fair at the local mall giving influenza vaccines
to senior citizens. What level of prevention is the nurse practicing? Primary
Definitions of health, health promotion, illness, disease
i i i i i i
Nurses Role in health and illness: Understands the challenges of today’s health care system/ Identifies
actual and potential risk factors/ Experiences compassion fatigue
Health Defined in text-is a state of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a
person’s potential and is experienced within the development context. Health is considered to be part of
the metaparadigm for nursing, which includes the four components of person, health, environment, and
nursing. Health encompasses spiritual, developmental, and environmental aspects over time.
Health Defined by (WHO) is more consistent- The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. Example: A person with diabetes maybe
considered healthy if she is able to adapt to her illness and live a meaningful, spiritually satisfying life.
Example Question: Astate of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a person’s
potential and is experienced within a developmental context is known as: Health
Ex Question: Health is considered to be a metaparadigm for nursing and includes which of the following
components? (select all that apply) Person, Health, Environment, Nursing
HealthiPromotion- The science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of
optimal health. The process of advocating health to enhance the probability that personal (individual,
family and community) private (professional and business) and public (federal, state and local
government) Health promotion is also proactive decision making at all levels of society. Health
promotion holds the best promise for lower-cost methods of limiting the constant increase in healthcare
costs. Increasing a patient’s level of well-being within their environment to pursue health.
Ex Questions: The nurse assesses a community for evidence of health-promotion strategies. Which of the
following are health-promotion strategies? Self-Care for minor illness/Environmental changes to enhance
clean air/Supporting Habitat for Humanity House Construction.
Ex Question: Public health nurses are involved in supporting active health promotion strategies such as:
Participating in an individual daily exercise program.
Ex Question: Nurses in the school setting can participate in ihealthipromotioniactivities through creating
nut-free schools. This would protect hypersensitive children from life-threatening allergic reactions to
peanuts and other nut products. This type of program is an example of which of the following
interventions? Primary Prevention Level which also ties into Health Promotion.
Ex Question: Which of the following demonstrates a nurse taking action to promote health and prevent
disease? Educating a person about the advantages of a heart-healthy diet during a home visit.
Rationale: Solutions for health promotion are focused on individual and government involvement. To
promote health and wellness, an emphasis must be placed on primary prevention. This is often relatedto
actions such as education that influence lifestyle choices. In the preceding example, educating a
,person about the advantages of a heart-healthy diet during a home visit serves to influence lifestyle
choices.
Ex Question: In addition to changes in ethnic and racial distribution within the population, it is expected
that changes in distribution will affect health promotion practice. Answer: Age
Illness- is a state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired. A person can have a disease without feeling ill and a person can
also feel ill without having a diagnosable disease. Ex Question: Which of the following best describes a
client who has an illness? Someone with a headache. Someone with a headache represents a person
with an illness. An illness is made up of the subjective experience of the individual and the physical
manifestation of disease. It can be described as a response characterized by a mismatch between a
person’s needs and the resources available to meet those needs. A person can have a disease without
feeling ill. Ex Question: When illness occurs, different attitudes about it cause people to react in different
ways. What do medical sociologists call this reaction to illness?Illness ibehavior
Disease- means without ease/ the failure of a person’s adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and
stresses adequately, resulting in functional or structural disturbances.
Ex. Question Which of the following agencies or initiatives have been driving forces in HealthiCare
iReform and the prevention of iDisease in society? (select all that apply)
Healthy People/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare/ U.S. Department of Health andHuman
Services
Internal and External Variables influencing health beliefs and practices
i i i i i i i i
InternaliVariables- include aperson’s developmental stage, intellectual background, perceptionof
functioning, and emotional and spiritual factors.
Ex Question for Internal Variables: A nurse is assessing internal variables that are affecting the patient’s
health status. Which area should the nurse assess? Perception of Functioning.
• Developmental stage- A Person’s thoughts and behavior patterns change throughout life.
Emotionaldevelopment may also influence personal beliefs about health-related matters.
• Intellectual Background- A person’s belief about health are shaped in part by a person’s
knowledge, lack of knowledge or incorrect information about body functions and illnesses,
educational background, and past experiences.
• Perception of functioning- The way people perceive their physical functioning affects health
beliefs and practices. When accessing a patient’s level of health, you gather subjective data
about the way the patient perceives physical functioning such as a level of fatigue, shortness of
breath or pain. Objective data such as blood pressure, height measurements and lung sound
assessments.
• Emotional Factors- The patient’s degree of stress, depression or fear can influence health belief
and practices.
,• Spiritual Factors- Spirituality is reflected in how a person lives his or her life, including the values
and beliefs exercised the relationships established with family and friends, and the ability to find
hope and meaning in life.
Ex Question: A nurse is assessing internal variables that are affecting the patient’s health status.
Which area should the nurse assess? Perception of Functioning
ExternaliVariables- influencing a person’s health belief and practices include family practices,
socioeconomic factors, and cultural background.
Ex. Question A male patient has been laid off from his construction job and has many unpaid bills. Heis
going through a divorce from his marriage of 15 years and has been seeing his pastor to help him
through this difficult time. He does not have a primary health care provider because he has never
really been sick, and his parents never took him to a physician when he was a child. Which external
variables influence the patient’s health practices? (Select all that apply.)
- Difficulty paying bills/ Stress from divorce and loss of job/ Family of not routinely seeing a
healthcare provider as a child
Ex Question: The nurse is admitting a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is the fourth
time the patient is being admitted in the last 6 months for high blood sugars. During the admission
process, the nurse asks the patient about employment status and displays a nonjudgmental attitude.
What is the rationale for the nurse’s actions?
- A person’s compliance is affected by economic status.
Ex Question: Which areas should the nurse assess to determine the effects of external variables on a
patient’s illness? Social Support/ Cultural Back ground/ Socioeconomic status
• Family Practice- Theway that patient’s families use health care services generally affectstheir
health practices.
• Socioeconomic factors- social and psychosocial factors increase the risk for illness and influence
the way that a person defines and reacts to illness.
• Cultural Background- influences, beliefs, values and customs. It influences the approach to the
health care system, personal health practices, and the nurse patient relationship.
Models of Health/ Clinical Etc.
i i i i
• Clinical Model- (absence of disease) the absence and illness by conspicuous presence of
signs and symptoms of disease. People who use the model may not seek preventative health
services or they may wait until they are very ill to seek care.
Ex Questions: The nurse is teaching about iprimaryiprevention and includes which educational
statement in the instructions? Health teaching about the risk factors of heart disease should be
performed.
The client who would be least likely to participate in health teaching activities would choose which
model? iClinicaliModel
• Role Performance Model- individual’s ability to perform social roles. Illness would be the
failure to perform roles at the level of others in society. “The Sick Role”
, • Adaptive Model- person ability to adapt positively to social, mental, and physiological
change. Illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to these
changes. Ex Spirituality can be useful in adapting to a decreased level of functioning in older
adults. Or a person living with diabetes can be healthy if they have adapted to the disease if
not accepted then illness occurs.
• Eudaimonistic Model- Exuberant iWell-Being /Patients view of health focusing on total well-
being, emphasizes connection between physical, social, spiritual aspects of life and the
environment that contribute to goal attainment and create meaning. This model is also more
congruent with integrative modes of therapy.
Healthy People 2020 Over Arching 4 Goals
i i i i i i
• Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable diseases, disability, injury and premature
death.
• Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
• Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
• Promote quality of life, health development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.
Healthy People 2020 objectives provide a framework for? Prevention
A nurse is teaching about the goals of Healthy People 2020. Which information should the nurse
include in the teaching session? Eliminate Health Disparities in America
A nurse is following the goals of Healthy People 2020 to provide care. Which action should the nurse
take? Create social and physical environments that promote good health.
Levels of Prevention
i i
• Primary- precedes disease or dysfunction. Includes health promotion such as health education
about risk factors for heart disease and specific protection, such as immunizations against Hep B.
Its purpose is to decrease the vulnerability of the individual or population to disease or
dysfunction.
- Ex. Health Education, immunizations, provision of adequate housing, marriage counseling and
sex education
- Primary iprevention is aimed at health promotion and includes health-education programs,
immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities. It can be provided to an individual
and includes activities that focus on maintaining or improving the general health of individuals,
families, and communities. It also includes specific protection such as immunization for
influenza.
Ex Question: The nurse is participating at a health fair at the local mall giving influenza vaccines
to senior citizens. What level of prevention is the nurse practicing? Primary
