NURS 497 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
What are BPH clinical manifestations? - Answers - urinary urgency
- some delay in starting urination
- decreased force of the urinary stream
What is BPH? - Answers benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate)
What is the patho of BPH? (what can retention lead to) - Answers - tissues that surround the
prostatic urethra compress it, causing bladder outflow obstruction.
- As the obstruction progresses, the bladder cannot empty all the urine, and the increasing
volume leads to long-term urine retention.
- retention may lead to "overflow incontinence."
What is Ulcerative Colitis? (what happens with the cells) - Answers - a chronic inflammatory
disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa
- Mutation in cells due to changes in bowel movements
- Intermittent periods of remission and exacerbation
What are the clinical manifestations of ulcerative colitis? - Answers - Bloody/ mucousy diarrhea,
urgency
- Abd pain: mild lower abdominal cramping associated with diarrhea
- fever, weight loss, anemia, tachycardia, dehydration, thrombocytosis
- Hemorrhage, perforation, toxic megacolon, colonic dilation
What factor is involved in ulcerative colitis and where does the disease start in the body? -
Answers - proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are involved.
,- disease begins in the rectum and spreads proximally along the colon in a continuous fashion.
How would you assess ulcerative colitis? (2, what type of procedure should not be used and
why) - Answers 1. Past health history: Infection; autoimmune disorders; family history of
inflammatory bowel disease
2. Medications: Use of antidiarrheal medications, steroids, other immuno-suppressive; herbal,
homeopathic, or naturopathic remedies
- Scopes should not be used when the rectum and the colon are severely inflamed because of
the risk for perforation.
What is Crohn's disease? (what parts does it affect) - Answers - chronic IBD of unknown origin
that can affect any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus with unpredictable periods
of recurrence and remission.
- is most often seen in the terminal ileum and the colon
What is the patho of Crohn's disease? (what does it involve, how much of the intestinal wall is
affected, what appearance does it have, what does it cause/ produce) - Answers 1.
Inflammation involves all layers of the bowel wall (transmural)
2. One side of the intestinal wall may be affected and not the other
3. cobblestone appearance
4. Thickening of the bowel; narrowing of the lumen; stricture development
5. CAUSES "skip lesions" occurring between diseased portions, ulcers can produce fissures,
abscesses or fistula tracts can develop
What can result in Crohn's disease? - Answers Anemia may result from malabsorption of vitamin
B12 and folic acid
What are some clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease? (what is the onset, what are the
principal manifestations, extraintestinal symptoms) - Answers - insidious onset
- PRINCIPAL manifestations are diarrhea (non bloody) and abdominal pain
- Extraintestinal: arthritis and finger clubbing
, - diarrhea, fatigue, fever, weight loss, malnutrition, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, anemia,
increased peristalsis, pain around the umbilicus and right lower quadrant, swelling, redness,
sores to the mouth
What are the complications of Crohn's disease? (6) - Answers - Strictures/ obstruction
- Fistulas
- Urinary tract infections
- Perforation and peritonitis
- Arthritis, liver disease, cholelithiasis
- Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
What are the differences between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease? - Answers - Crohn's
disease causes inflammation of the FULL THICKENESS of the bowel wall, from the mouth to the
anus.
- In Crohn's disease, there are healthy parts of the intestine mixed in between inflamed areas.
- Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon and is continuous inflammation
What is IBS? (what is it characterized by, what increases the risk of developing it?, what is the
diagnostic criteria) - Answers - A chronic functional disorder characterized by intermittent and
recurrent abdominal pain associated with an alteration in bowel function (diarrhea or
constipation or both)
- Frequent bowel changes increase the risk
- DIAGNOSTICS: the presence of abdominal discomfort or pain for at least 3 months
What are the 6 mechanisms of IBS? - Answers - Cause unknown
1. Visceral hypersensitivity
2. Abnormal intestinal permeability, motility & secretion
3. Post inflammatory
4. Alteration in gut microbiota
What are BPH clinical manifestations? - Answers - urinary urgency
- some delay in starting urination
- decreased force of the urinary stream
What is BPH? - Answers benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate)
What is the patho of BPH? (what can retention lead to) - Answers - tissues that surround the
prostatic urethra compress it, causing bladder outflow obstruction.
- As the obstruction progresses, the bladder cannot empty all the urine, and the increasing
volume leads to long-term urine retention.
- retention may lead to "overflow incontinence."
What is Ulcerative Colitis? (what happens with the cells) - Answers - a chronic inflammatory
disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa
- Mutation in cells due to changes in bowel movements
- Intermittent periods of remission and exacerbation
What are the clinical manifestations of ulcerative colitis? - Answers - Bloody/ mucousy diarrhea,
urgency
- Abd pain: mild lower abdominal cramping associated with diarrhea
- fever, weight loss, anemia, tachycardia, dehydration, thrombocytosis
- Hemorrhage, perforation, toxic megacolon, colonic dilation
What factor is involved in ulcerative colitis and where does the disease start in the body? -
Answers - proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are involved.
,- disease begins in the rectum and spreads proximally along the colon in a continuous fashion.
How would you assess ulcerative colitis? (2, what type of procedure should not be used and
why) - Answers 1. Past health history: Infection; autoimmune disorders; family history of
inflammatory bowel disease
2. Medications: Use of antidiarrheal medications, steroids, other immuno-suppressive; herbal,
homeopathic, or naturopathic remedies
- Scopes should not be used when the rectum and the colon are severely inflamed because of
the risk for perforation.
What is Crohn's disease? (what parts does it affect) - Answers - chronic IBD of unknown origin
that can affect any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus with unpredictable periods
of recurrence and remission.
- is most often seen in the terminal ileum and the colon
What is the patho of Crohn's disease? (what does it involve, how much of the intestinal wall is
affected, what appearance does it have, what does it cause/ produce) - Answers 1.
Inflammation involves all layers of the bowel wall (transmural)
2. One side of the intestinal wall may be affected and not the other
3. cobblestone appearance
4. Thickening of the bowel; narrowing of the lumen; stricture development
5. CAUSES "skip lesions" occurring between diseased portions, ulcers can produce fissures,
abscesses or fistula tracts can develop
What can result in Crohn's disease? - Answers Anemia may result from malabsorption of vitamin
B12 and folic acid
What are some clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease? (what is the onset, what are the
principal manifestations, extraintestinal symptoms) - Answers - insidious onset
- PRINCIPAL manifestations are diarrhea (non bloody) and abdominal pain
- Extraintestinal: arthritis and finger clubbing
, - diarrhea, fatigue, fever, weight loss, malnutrition, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, anemia,
increased peristalsis, pain around the umbilicus and right lower quadrant, swelling, redness,
sores to the mouth
What are the complications of Crohn's disease? (6) - Answers - Strictures/ obstruction
- Fistulas
- Urinary tract infections
- Perforation and peritonitis
- Arthritis, liver disease, cholelithiasis
- Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
What are the differences between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease? - Answers - Crohn's
disease causes inflammation of the FULL THICKENESS of the bowel wall, from the mouth to the
anus.
- In Crohn's disease, there are healthy parts of the intestine mixed in between inflamed areas.
- Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon and is continuous inflammation
What is IBS? (what is it characterized by, what increases the risk of developing it?, what is the
diagnostic criteria) - Answers - A chronic functional disorder characterized by intermittent and
recurrent abdominal pain associated with an alteration in bowel function (diarrhea or
constipation or both)
- Frequent bowel changes increase the risk
- DIAGNOSTICS: the presence of abdominal discomfort or pain for at least 3 months
What are the 6 mechanisms of IBS? - Answers - Cause unknown
1. Visceral hypersensitivity
2. Abnormal intestinal permeability, motility & secretion
3. Post inflammatory
4. Alteration in gut microbiota
