NUR 221 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 ACTUAL
TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
2026
● The nurse is monitoring hourly urine output of a client diagnosed with
hypovolemic shock. The nurse is most concerned if the client's output is:
a. 20 mL/hour
b. 40 mL/hour
c. 60 mL/hour
d. 80 mL/hour . Answer: a. 20 mL/hour
● A client recovered from influenza 2 days ago and informs the nurse
that she is feeling better but now has a fever, chills, pain when breathing,
and a productive cough. What complication does the nurse anticipate the
client will be treated for?
a. A secondary bacterial pneumonia
b. A relapse of the flu
c. Reye syndrome
d. Tuberculosis . Answer: a. A secondary bacterial pneumonia; people
usually start to feel better and then symptoms return
,● Which client is at risk for developing acute respiratory failure?
a. A middle-aged male diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) who has pneumonia with low O2 saturation
b. An older adult female living in senior housing who has been exposed
to a "cold" while her grandchildren visited
c. A teenager in a high school who has had an increase in student
absences due to an outbreak of strep throat
d. A toddler in daycare who has been sharing toys with peers before the
staff could sanitize properly . Answer: a. A middle-aged male diagnosed
with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who has pneumonia with low
O2 saturation
● A client with a history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is
experiencing increasing fatigue, lethargy, and activity intolerance. The
care team has established that the client's glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) remains at a low, but stable, level. Which laboratory assessments
will most likely be prescribed to help determine the cause of these new
symptoms?
a. Blood work for white cells and differential
b. Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy
c. Assessment of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function
,d. Blood work for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit . Answer:
d. Blood work for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit
● Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent
diagnostic workup, a client has been diagnosed with mitral valve
regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which
hemodynamic consequences?
a. Backup of blood from the right atrium into the superior vena cava
b. Backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium during systole
c. Inhibition of the SA node's normal action potential
d. Backflow from the left ventricle to left atrium . Answer: d. Backflow
from the left ventricle to left atrium
● A client with a suspected MI is brought to the emergency department
by ambulance. The nurse caring for this client would expect to receive
an order for which laboratory test to confirm a diagnosis of MI?
a. Creatine kinase marker
b. Complete blood components
c. Calcium level
d. Troponin level . Answer: d. Troponin level
, ● A client has been diagnosed with aortic stenosis and asks the nurse
what this means. The most appropriate response would be:
a. The valve opening is narrowed and produces increased resistance to
blood flow out of the left ventricle and into the aorta.
b. The valve opening is incompetent, thereby allowing blood to flow
back from the pulmonary artery and into the left atrium.
c. The valve opening permits backward flow to occur when the valve
should be closed.
d. The valve opens backward, permitting blood to flow from the right
ventricle into the right atrium. . Answer: a. The valve opening is
narrowed and produces increased resistance to blood flow out of the left
ventricle and into the aorta.
● A client has just been told that he has an infection of the inner surface
of the heart. He is also told that the bacteria has invaded his heart valves.
What term is used for this disease process?
a. Pericarditis
b. Myocardial infarction
c. Infective endocarditis
d. Cardiomyopathy . Answer: c. Infective endocarditis
TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
2026
● The nurse is monitoring hourly urine output of a client diagnosed with
hypovolemic shock. The nurse is most concerned if the client's output is:
a. 20 mL/hour
b. 40 mL/hour
c. 60 mL/hour
d. 80 mL/hour . Answer: a. 20 mL/hour
● A client recovered from influenza 2 days ago and informs the nurse
that she is feeling better but now has a fever, chills, pain when breathing,
and a productive cough. What complication does the nurse anticipate the
client will be treated for?
a. A secondary bacterial pneumonia
b. A relapse of the flu
c. Reye syndrome
d. Tuberculosis . Answer: a. A secondary bacterial pneumonia; people
usually start to feel better and then symptoms return
,● Which client is at risk for developing acute respiratory failure?
a. A middle-aged male diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) who has pneumonia with low O2 saturation
b. An older adult female living in senior housing who has been exposed
to a "cold" while her grandchildren visited
c. A teenager in a high school who has had an increase in student
absences due to an outbreak of strep throat
d. A toddler in daycare who has been sharing toys with peers before the
staff could sanitize properly . Answer: a. A middle-aged male diagnosed
with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who has pneumonia with low
O2 saturation
● A client with a history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is
experiencing increasing fatigue, lethargy, and activity intolerance. The
care team has established that the client's glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) remains at a low, but stable, level. Which laboratory assessments
will most likely be prescribed to help determine the cause of these new
symptoms?
a. Blood work for white cells and differential
b. Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy
c. Assessment of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function
,d. Blood work for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit . Answer:
d. Blood work for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit
● Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent
diagnostic workup, a client has been diagnosed with mitral valve
regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which
hemodynamic consequences?
a. Backup of blood from the right atrium into the superior vena cava
b. Backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium during systole
c. Inhibition of the SA node's normal action potential
d. Backflow from the left ventricle to left atrium . Answer: d. Backflow
from the left ventricle to left atrium
● A client with a suspected MI is brought to the emergency department
by ambulance. The nurse caring for this client would expect to receive
an order for which laboratory test to confirm a diagnosis of MI?
a. Creatine kinase marker
b. Complete blood components
c. Calcium level
d. Troponin level . Answer: d. Troponin level
, ● A client has been diagnosed with aortic stenosis and asks the nurse
what this means. The most appropriate response would be:
a. The valve opening is narrowed and produces increased resistance to
blood flow out of the left ventricle and into the aorta.
b. The valve opening is incompetent, thereby allowing blood to flow
back from the pulmonary artery and into the left atrium.
c. The valve opening permits backward flow to occur when the valve
should be closed.
d. The valve opens backward, permitting blood to flow from the right
ventricle into the right atrium. . Answer: a. The valve opening is
narrowed and produces increased resistance to blood flow out of the left
ventricle and into the aorta.
● A client has just been told that he has an infection of the inner surface
of the heart. He is also told that the bacteria has invaded his heart valves.
What term is used for this disease process?
a. Pericarditis
b. Myocardial infarction
c. Infective endocarditis
d. Cardiomyopathy . Answer: c. Infective endocarditis
