BIO 1113 Midterm 2 (Ball/OSU) Exam Study Guide
metabolic pathway - ANSWER A series of chemical reactions that either builds up a
complex molecule (anabolic) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler ones
(catabolic)
catabolic pathway - ANSWER a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking
down complex molecules in to simpler ones
anabolic pathway - ANSWER a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a
complex molecule from simpler ones
bioenergetics - ANSWER 1) the overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism
2) The study of how energy flows through organisms
energy - ANSWER the capacity to cause change, especially to do work
kinetic energy - ANSWER the energy associated with the relative motion of objects
thermal energy - ANSWER kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and
molecules; energy in its most random form
heat - ANSWER thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
,potential energy - ANSWER the energy that matter possessed as a result of its location
or spatial arrangement
chemical energy - ANSWER energy available in molecules for release in a chemical
reaction; a form of potential energy
thermodynamics - ANSWER the study of energy transformations that occur in a
collection of matter
first law of thermodynamics - ANSWER the principle of conservation of energy: energy
can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed
entropy - ANSWER a measure of disorder; or randomness
second law of thermodynamics - ANSWER the principle stating that every energy
transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat
spontaneous process - ANSWER a process that occurs without an overall input of energy;
process that is energetically favorable
free energy - ANSWER The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work
when the temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
, exergonic reaction - ANSWER a spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net
release of free energy
endergonic reaction - ANSWER a non spontaneous chemical reaction in which free
energy is absorbed from the surroundings
energy coupling - ANSWER in cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an
exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
ATP - ANSWER an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy
when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic
reactions
phosphorylated intermediate - ANSWER a molecule with a phosphate group covalently
bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule
enzyme - ANSWER A macromolecule serving as a
catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed
by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.
catalyst - ANSWER A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction
without being consumed by the reaction.
metabolic pathway - ANSWER A series of chemical reactions that either builds up a
complex molecule (anabolic) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler ones
(catabolic)
catabolic pathway - ANSWER a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking
down complex molecules in to simpler ones
anabolic pathway - ANSWER a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a
complex molecule from simpler ones
bioenergetics - ANSWER 1) the overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism
2) The study of how energy flows through organisms
energy - ANSWER the capacity to cause change, especially to do work
kinetic energy - ANSWER the energy associated with the relative motion of objects
thermal energy - ANSWER kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and
molecules; energy in its most random form
heat - ANSWER thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
,potential energy - ANSWER the energy that matter possessed as a result of its location
or spatial arrangement
chemical energy - ANSWER energy available in molecules for release in a chemical
reaction; a form of potential energy
thermodynamics - ANSWER the study of energy transformations that occur in a
collection of matter
first law of thermodynamics - ANSWER the principle of conservation of energy: energy
can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed
entropy - ANSWER a measure of disorder; or randomness
second law of thermodynamics - ANSWER the principle stating that every energy
transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat
spontaneous process - ANSWER a process that occurs without an overall input of energy;
process that is energetically favorable
free energy - ANSWER The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work
when the temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
, exergonic reaction - ANSWER a spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net
release of free energy
endergonic reaction - ANSWER a non spontaneous chemical reaction in which free
energy is absorbed from the surroundings
energy coupling - ANSWER in cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an
exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
ATP - ANSWER an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy
when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic
reactions
phosphorylated intermediate - ANSWER a molecule with a phosphate group covalently
bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule
enzyme - ANSWER A macromolecule serving as a
catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed
by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.
catalyst - ANSWER A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction
without being consumed by the reaction.
