Biochemistry
No local anesthetic structures on exam!
Know the inhalation agent structures!
Saturation
● Ethane → single bond → saturated
● Ethene → double bond → unsaturated
● Saturation → max amount of H+ a molecule can hold, only refers to C-C bonds
● Double or triple bond ⇒ no longer saturated bc the bond it taking place of some of the
H+ (means it has less H+ so its unsaturated)
Functional groups
● Know what they are
Redox Reactions
● Oxidation → lose electrons
● Reduction → gain electrons
● OiL RiG
● How our drugs are metabolized (oxid, reduc, hydrolysis)
Isomer
● Compounds that have the same molecular formula
● Constitutional → differ in how the atoms are actually bonded together
● Stereoisomers → atoms are bonded together in the same way, but how they sit in
space (3D shape) is different
○ Geometric isomers (cis & trans → how the mol is arranged in space is different)
■ Cis = same side of double bond
■ Trans = diff side
○ Enantiomers (non super imposable mirror images)
■ Type of stereoisomer
■ Non superimposable mirror images **
● Chiral objects → cannot be superimposed
● Needs chiral center → carbon with 4 different things attached to it
● Which is chiral: glove or beaker? → glove/hand
○ Beakers can be superimposed!
■ Optically active → how they are classified and they are different
enantiomers
● Dextro = rotate right
● Levo = rotate left
● Racemic = no net rotation (50/50 mix of both isomers)
Opposite of chiral → achiral
, SUGARS
Carbohydrates
● -OSE
● Monosaccharides
○ Smallest building block of sugar → cannot be broken down
○ Glucose
● Diasaccharide
○ Can be broken down to form 2 monosaccharides
○ Sucrose = glucose & fructose
● Oligosaccharide → broken down into many
● Polysaccharide → broken down into many
● Named based on whether they have an aldehyde or a ketone in them
**The only things you will see in a sugar = H, C, O
Practice:
**not important to know how to name the sugar, but know the difference between the type of
macromolecules → since this has an aldehyde group & is purely H, C, O → then its a SUGAR
● Functional group = aldehyde (aldose sugar)
● Carbons = 3
● Name: Glyceraldehyde
Fisher Projections (2-D)
● Emil fischer
● Represents stereochemistry
○ Shows where the structures are sitting in space
● Most often sugars appear in their dextro form (D form or right form)
○ Ex: D-ribose, D-glucose
● Oriented so that
○ Vertical bonds of chirality are pointed away from you
○ Horizontal bonds are pointed toward you
○ Lowest numbered C is at the top
Epimers
● Differ around 1 chiral atom *
Cyclic Forms of Carbs (sugars)
● C=O & OH
● Only have H, C, O
● 5 or 6 carbon ring
● Exist in cyclic form (Haworth formula)
● There are different types of sugars
○ Furanose
○ Pyranose
No local anesthetic structures on exam!
Know the inhalation agent structures!
Saturation
● Ethane → single bond → saturated
● Ethene → double bond → unsaturated
● Saturation → max amount of H+ a molecule can hold, only refers to C-C bonds
● Double or triple bond ⇒ no longer saturated bc the bond it taking place of some of the
H+ (means it has less H+ so its unsaturated)
Functional groups
● Know what they are
Redox Reactions
● Oxidation → lose electrons
● Reduction → gain electrons
● OiL RiG
● How our drugs are metabolized (oxid, reduc, hydrolysis)
Isomer
● Compounds that have the same molecular formula
● Constitutional → differ in how the atoms are actually bonded together
● Stereoisomers → atoms are bonded together in the same way, but how they sit in
space (3D shape) is different
○ Geometric isomers (cis & trans → how the mol is arranged in space is different)
■ Cis = same side of double bond
■ Trans = diff side
○ Enantiomers (non super imposable mirror images)
■ Type of stereoisomer
■ Non superimposable mirror images **
● Chiral objects → cannot be superimposed
● Needs chiral center → carbon with 4 different things attached to it
● Which is chiral: glove or beaker? → glove/hand
○ Beakers can be superimposed!
■ Optically active → how they are classified and they are different
enantiomers
● Dextro = rotate right
● Levo = rotate left
● Racemic = no net rotation (50/50 mix of both isomers)
Opposite of chiral → achiral
, SUGARS
Carbohydrates
● -OSE
● Monosaccharides
○ Smallest building block of sugar → cannot be broken down
○ Glucose
● Diasaccharide
○ Can be broken down to form 2 monosaccharides
○ Sucrose = glucose & fructose
● Oligosaccharide → broken down into many
● Polysaccharide → broken down into many
● Named based on whether they have an aldehyde or a ketone in them
**The only things you will see in a sugar = H, C, O
Practice:
**not important to know how to name the sugar, but know the difference between the type of
macromolecules → since this has an aldehyde group & is purely H, C, O → then its a SUGAR
● Functional group = aldehyde (aldose sugar)
● Carbons = 3
● Name: Glyceraldehyde
Fisher Projections (2-D)
● Emil fischer
● Represents stereochemistry
○ Shows where the structures are sitting in space
● Most often sugars appear in their dextro form (D form or right form)
○ Ex: D-ribose, D-glucose
● Oriented so that
○ Vertical bonds of chirality are pointed away from you
○ Horizontal bonds are pointed toward you
○ Lowest numbered C is at the top
Epimers
● Differ around 1 chiral atom *
Cyclic Forms of Carbs (sugars)
● C=O & OH
● Only have H, C, O
● 5 or 6 carbon ring
● Exist in cyclic form (Haworth formula)
● There are different types of sugars
○ Furanose
○ Pyranose
