NR547 FINAL EXAM 1
NR
NR547 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS (LATEST UPDATE)
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends
depression screening: ANS >> ✓for adults 18 years of age or older and
adolescents ages 12-18 years old.
The American Academy of Family Physicians recommends screening for
depression in: ANS >> ✓the general adult population, including pregnant and
post-partum women.
The American Academy of Paediatrics recommends maternal screening for
postpartum depression at: ANS >> ✓infants' 1, 2, and 4- month visits.
The American Academy of Paediatrics’ Bright Futures program recommends:
(screening) ANS >> ✓annual screening in adolescent clients for emotional and
behavioural problems.
Medicaid's child health component, the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis
and Treatment program recommends: ANS >> ✓screening to detect physical and
mental conditions at various age intervals. If a risk is identified, the provider
should follow up with diagnosis and treatment.
Immuno-Psychiatry (neuroimmunology) ANS >> ✓explores how the immune
system interacts with the brain and the mind
-This interaction can affect both physical and mental health
NR547
, NR547 FINAL EXAM 2
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-The immune system protects the body from infection
• Macrophages are the centurions of the immune system. Macrophages warn the
immune system of a potential threat by secreting cytokines alerting more
macrophages to come to the injured site
• Cytokines (inflammatory proteins in the blood) can send signals across the
blood-brain barrier.
• Nerve cells exposed to cytokines are more likely to die than regenerate
• In rat studies, rats injected with cytokines exhibited social withdrawal, less
movement, and altered sleeping and eating patterns.
• Inflamed nerve cells cannot effectively transmit 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) or
serotonin receptors.
• Persons with inflammatory conditions are significantly more depressed than
the general population.
*People who frequently eat foods known to cause inflammation (carbs) are more
likely to exhibit depressive see
Medical Diagnoses that Mimic Depressive Disorders ANS >> ✓hypothyroidism
vitamin D deficiency
anaemia
chronic fatigue syndrome
Medications with side effects mimicking depression include: ANS >> ✓cannabis,
alcohol, clonidine, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antimigraine agents,
corticosteroids, contraceptives, and varenicline (Chantix)
Depression treatment: pharmacological ANS >> ✓Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
NR547
, NR547 FINAL EXAM 3
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Must Not Miss Diagnosis: BD ANS >> ✓Clients with bipolar disorder may present
during the depressive phase
-may not report any symptoms of hypomanic or manic episodes
• provider must obtain a careful history from the client and/or family members
to differentiate between bipolar disorder and depression
-Bipolar disorder should be ruled out as a cause of depression before prescribing
medication as certain antidepressant medications can precipitate a manic
episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression
*May contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and
adults younger than 25
Ameeta, a 42-year-old female, presents to the primary care clinic with a three-
month history of "feeling low and sad" with poor energy, inability to concentrate,
and irritability. She indicates that the symptoms were initially present once per
week but have increased to 4-5 times per week. She reports making an error last
week at the grocery store where she works as a cashier and snapping at the
customer when the error was brought to her attention. She is concerned about
her loss of interest in ANS >> ✓citalopram 20 mg po daily
Rationale: Although all three drugs are appropriate to use when treating unipolar
depression, Citalopram is an SSRI and is considered a first-line choice.
Bipolar disorder ANS >> ✓mental illness that causes extreme shifts in emotions,
mood, and energy levels
-Shifts in mood usually occur over several days to weeks
-classified according to the types of mood episodes exhibited
-affects approximately 2.6% of the adult population in the U.S.
-sixth leading cause of disability in the world
-most frequently diagnosed in late adolescence or early 20s
-lifelong condition
NR547
, NR547 FINAL EXAM 4
NR
cause of bipolar disorder ANS >> ✓unknown
-Individuals with family members who have bipolar disorder are more likely to
develop it
-interaction between genetic factors and the environment may be contributory
-Brain imaging reveals white matter hyperintensities, reduction in gray matter
volume, increased ventricular size, and decreased frontal cortical area volumes
Bipolar disorder symptoms ANS >> ✓Depressive Symptoms
-similar to MDD
Manic Symptoms
-elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
Hypomanic Symptoms
-milder form of mania
Mixed Symptoms
-presence of symptoms of depression and mania simultaneously
dx manic ANS >> ✓-elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week,
mood present most of the day and nearly every day
-severe enough to cause significant impairment in social or occupational
functioning, to req hospitalization to prevent harm to the client or others, or
symptoms include psychotic features
-three or more of the following symptoms (APA, 2022) must be present and
represent a significant change from usual behaviour:
• inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• decreased need for sleep
• increased talkativeness
• racing thoughts
NR547
NR
NR547 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS (LATEST UPDATE)
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends
depression screening: ANS >> ✓for adults 18 years of age or older and
adolescents ages 12-18 years old.
The American Academy of Family Physicians recommends screening for
depression in: ANS >> ✓the general adult population, including pregnant and
post-partum women.
The American Academy of Paediatrics recommends maternal screening for
postpartum depression at: ANS >> ✓infants' 1, 2, and 4- month visits.
The American Academy of Paediatrics’ Bright Futures program recommends:
(screening) ANS >> ✓annual screening in adolescent clients for emotional and
behavioural problems.
Medicaid's child health component, the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis
and Treatment program recommends: ANS >> ✓screening to detect physical and
mental conditions at various age intervals. If a risk is identified, the provider
should follow up with diagnosis and treatment.
Immuno-Psychiatry (neuroimmunology) ANS >> ✓explores how the immune
system interacts with the brain and the mind
-This interaction can affect both physical and mental health
NR547
, NR547 FINAL EXAM 2
NR
-The immune system protects the body from infection
• Macrophages are the centurions of the immune system. Macrophages warn the
immune system of a potential threat by secreting cytokines alerting more
macrophages to come to the injured site
• Cytokines (inflammatory proteins in the blood) can send signals across the
blood-brain barrier.
• Nerve cells exposed to cytokines are more likely to die than regenerate
• In rat studies, rats injected with cytokines exhibited social withdrawal, less
movement, and altered sleeping and eating patterns.
• Inflamed nerve cells cannot effectively transmit 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) or
serotonin receptors.
• Persons with inflammatory conditions are significantly more depressed than
the general population.
*People who frequently eat foods known to cause inflammation (carbs) are more
likely to exhibit depressive see
Medical Diagnoses that Mimic Depressive Disorders ANS >> ✓hypothyroidism
vitamin D deficiency
anaemia
chronic fatigue syndrome
Medications with side effects mimicking depression include: ANS >> ✓cannabis,
alcohol, clonidine, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antimigraine agents,
corticosteroids, contraceptives, and varenicline (Chantix)
Depression treatment: pharmacological ANS >> ✓Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
NR547
, NR547 FINAL EXAM 3
NR
Must Not Miss Diagnosis: BD ANS >> ✓Clients with bipolar disorder may present
during the depressive phase
-may not report any symptoms of hypomanic or manic episodes
• provider must obtain a careful history from the client and/or family members
to differentiate between bipolar disorder and depression
-Bipolar disorder should be ruled out as a cause of depression before prescribing
medication as certain antidepressant medications can precipitate a manic
episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression
*May contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and
adults younger than 25
Ameeta, a 42-year-old female, presents to the primary care clinic with a three-
month history of "feeling low and sad" with poor energy, inability to concentrate,
and irritability. She indicates that the symptoms were initially present once per
week but have increased to 4-5 times per week. She reports making an error last
week at the grocery store where she works as a cashier and snapping at the
customer when the error was brought to her attention. She is concerned about
her loss of interest in ANS >> ✓citalopram 20 mg po daily
Rationale: Although all three drugs are appropriate to use when treating unipolar
depression, Citalopram is an SSRI and is considered a first-line choice.
Bipolar disorder ANS >> ✓mental illness that causes extreme shifts in emotions,
mood, and energy levels
-Shifts in mood usually occur over several days to weeks
-classified according to the types of mood episodes exhibited
-affects approximately 2.6% of the adult population in the U.S.
-sixth leading cause of disability in the world
-most frequently diagnosed in late adolescence or early 20s
-lifelong condition
NR547
, NR547 FINAL EXAM 4
NR
cause of bipolar disorder ANS >> ✓unknown
-Individuals with family members who have bipolar disorder are more likely to
develop it
-interaction between genetic factors and the environment may be contributory
-Brain imaging reveals white matter hyperintensities, reduction in gray matter
volume, increased ventricular size, and decreased frontal cortical area volumes
Bipolar disorder symptoms ANS >> ✓Depressive Symptoms
-similar to MDD
Manic Symptoms
-elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
Hypomanic Symptoms
-milder form of mania
Mixed Symptoms
-presence of symptoms of depression and mania simultaneously
dx manic ANS >> ✓-elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week,
mood present most of the day and nearly every day
-severe enough to cause significant impairment in social or occupational
functioning, to req hospitalization to prevent harm to the client or others, or
symptoms include psychotic features
-three or more of the following symptoms (APA, 2022) must be present and
represent a significant change from usual behaviour:
• inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• decreased need for sleep
• increased talkativeness
• racing thoughts
NR547
