Weber State University HTHS 2230
Final Exam Questions and All Correct
Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
Atrophy - Answer (condition not adaptation) decrease in cell size. may be result in complete
loss of cells. caused by disease or ischemia (reduce blood supply - reduced o2 and glucose to
tissues - cellular shrinkage and death.
Hypertrophy - Answer increase in mass of cell, but not the number of cells. increase in the
number of muscle proteins (not fluid) to allow muscle fibers to do more work.
Hyperplasia - Answer increase in the number of cells of a tissue or organ from an increased
rate of cell division. (must have mitotic ability) possible for -plasia and hypertrophy to occur.
(uterine enlargement during pregnancy)
Metaplasia - Answer an adaptive substitution to a different, "hardier" cell line. (resp. tract of
a smoker)
Dysplasia - Answer change to an abnormal cell line. This is a precancerous change. caused by
persistent injury or irritation progressing towards neoplasia. cervical(hpv) smokers. reflux.
ulcers.
Hydrostatic Pressure - Answer Is simply the pressure from the pump that pushes blood
around (like water pressure in pipes). Hydrostatic pressure = blood pressure.
Osmotic Pressure - Answer Concentration force of water trying to dilute out higher
concentration of solutes in blood (net osmotic pressure). Forces water from the tissues (low
concentration) towards the bloodstream (high concentration).
Permeability - Answer How many holes are in the capillaries and how large are the holes.
Starling forces - Answer Balance between Hydrostatic pressure, Osmotic pressure, and
permeability.
Capillary delivers nutrients on the ________ side, and picks up wastes on the _________ side. -
Answer Arteriol, Venule
Normal Arteriole side - Answer net fillration pressure +9mmHg (out of capillary).
,Normal Venule side - Answer net filtration pressure -8 mmHg (into capillary).
Starlings Law - Answer the balance between these forces is called starling forces and the
equation which relates them is called starlings law of the capillary
- interstitial fluid osmotic pressure about the same throughout capillary, but hydrostatic
pressure drops
-this means the capillary delivers nutrients on the arteriole side, and picks up wastes on the
venule side.
BHP/IHP - BOP/IOP
NET FILTRATION - Answer +9 net filtration art side / -8 venule side.
hypertension - Answer +26 net fit art / -8 venule
decrease plasma protein- +26/ -8
Edema - Answer Areas are the Cardiac, Pulmonary, Renal, Venous.
Hypertension - Answer Blood pressure 50 - Net osmotic pressure 24 = net filtration pressure
of +26mmHg. Fluid enters interstitial space. (edema)
Decreased Plasma Protein - Answer Blood pressure 33- Net osmotic pressure 7 = net
filtration pressure of +26mmHg. Fluid enters interstitial space. (edema)
Increased Vascular Permeability - Answer Pressure does not change, but vessel permeability
increased. Fluid enters interstitial space. (edema)
Hypernatremia/Hyponatremia - Answer As Goes Sodium, so goes water
sodium concentration is maintained primarily by the kidney. 1.glomerular filtration 2. renin-
angiotension-aldosterone system
-aided by hormones produced by heart, brain, and kidney that also influence sodium
reabsorption/excretion.
sodium acts for 90% of ECF cations.
Sodium together with chloride (Cl-) and the bicarb ion regulates "osmotic forces" and therefore
regulates water balance.
also works with potassium to maintain neuromuscular "irritability" for conduction of nerve
impulses and muscle contraction.
Metabolic acidosis - Answer depression of HCO3-
, - renal failure, shock, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, salicylate overdose (holds to H+ ions)---The
lungs immediately begin to compensate by wasting CO2 (hyperventilation).
Metabolic alkalosis - Answer elevation of HCO3-
- ingestion of bicarb, vomitting - losing gastric juice high in H+, chloride depletion, diuretic
therapy. H+ ions decreases---The lungs will immediately begin to compensate by holding on to
CO2 (hypoventilation)
Resp. acidosis - Answer elevation of Pco2
- hypovent. asthma, emphysema, coma, snickers stuck in throat. (Holds to Co2)---Kidneys will
compensate over hours by conserving HCO3- and excretign H+ ions.
Resp. alkalosis - Answer depression of Pco2
- hypervent. drugs, excitement, anxiety / Co2 decreases.---Kidneys will compensate over hours
by retaining H+ and excreting HCO3- ions.
Metabolic - Answer Kidneys. Affects pH by retaining or dumping HCO3-
Respiratory - Answer Lungs. Affects pH by changing the PCO2 level.
Euploidy - Answer Cells that have a multiple of the normal number set (23) of chromosomes.
Aneuploidy - Answer A somatic cell that does not contain an exact multiple of 23
chromosomes.
Haploid - Answer 23x1 chromosomes
Diploid - Answer 23x2 chromosomes
Triploid - Answer Fetuses have three copies of each chromosome (69 total)
Tetraploid - Answer Fetuses have four copies of each (92 each)
Multifactorial traits - Answer follow a bell-shaped distribution curve (Gaussian distribution)
because they are influenced by BOTH environmental and genetic factors. Multifactorial
inheritance is responsible for the greatest number of individual that will need special care or
hospitalization because of genetic diseases.
Final Exam Questions and All Correct
Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
Atrophy - Answer (condition not adaptation) decrease in cell size. may be result in complete
loss of cells. caused by disease or ischemia (reduce blood supply - reduced o2 and glucose to
tissues - cellular shrinkage and death.
Hypertrophy - Answer increase in mass of cell, but not the number of cells. increase in the
number of muscle proteins (not fluid) to allow muscle fibers to do more work.
Hyperplasia - Answer increase in the number of cells of a tissue or organ from an increased
rate of cell division. (must have mitotic ability) possible for -plasia and hypertrophy to occur.
(uterine enlargement during pregnancy)
Metaplasia - Answer an adaptive substitution to a different, "hardier" cell line. (resp. tract of
a smoker)
Dysplasia - Answer change to an abnormal cell line. This is a precancerous change. caused by
persistent injury or irritation progressing towards neoplasia. cervical(hpv) smokers. reflux.
ulcers.
Hydrostatic Pressure - Answer Is simply the pressure from the pump that pushes blood
around (like water pressure in pipes). Hydrostatic pressure = blood pressure.
Osmotic Pressure - Answer Concentration force of water trying to dilute out higher
concentration of solutes in blood (net osmotic pressure). Forces water from the tissues (low
concentration) towards the bloodstream (high concentration).
Permeability - Answer How many holes are in the capillaries and how large are the holes.
Starling forces - Answer Balance between Hydrostatic pressure, Osmotic pressure, and
permeability.
Capillary delivers nutrients on the ________ side, and picks up wastes on the _________ side. -
Answer Arteriol, Venule
Normal Arteriole side - Answer net fillration pressure +9mmHg (out of capillary).
,Normal Venule side - Answer net filtration pressure -8 mmHg (into capillary).
Starlings Law - Answer the balance between these forces is called starling forces and the
equation which relates them is called starlings law of the capillary
- interstitial fluid osmotic pressure about the same throughout capillary, but hydrostatic
pressure drops
-this means the capillary delivers nutrients on the arteriole side, and picks up wastes on the
venule side.
BHP/IHP - BOP/IOP
NET FILTRATION - Answer +9 net filtration art side / -8 venule side.
hypertension - Answer +26 net fit art / -8 venule
decrease plasma protein- +26/ -8
Edema - Answer Areas are the Cardiac, Pulmonary, Renal, Venous.
Hypertension - Answer Blood pressure 50 - Net osmotic pressure 24 = net filtration pressure
of +26mmHg. Fluid enters interstitial space. (edema)
Decreased Plasma Protein - Answer Blood pressure 33- Net osmotic pressure 7 = net
filtration pressure of +26mmHg. Fluid enters interstitial space. (edema)
Increased Vascular Permeability - Answer Pressure does not change, but vessel permeability
increased. Fluid enters interstitial space. (edema)
Hypernatremia/Hyponatremia - Answer As Goes Sodium, so goes water
sodium concentration is maintained primarily by the kidney. 1.glomerular filtration 2. renin-
angiotension-aldosterone system
-aided by hormones produced by heart, brain, and kidney that also influence sodium
reabsorption/excretion.
sodium acts for 90% of ECF cations.
Sodium together with chloride (Cl-) and the bicarb ion regulates "osmotic forces" and therefore
regulates water balance.
also works with potassium to maintain neuromuscular "irritability" for conduction of nerve
impulses and muscle contraction.
Metabolic acidosis - Answer depression of HCO3-
, - renal failure, shock, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, salicylate overdose (holds to H+ ions)---The
lungs immediately begin to compensate by wasting CO2 (hyperventilation).
Metabolic alkalosis - Answer elevation of HCO3-
- ingestion of bicarb, vomitting - losing gastric juice high in H+, chloride depletion, diuretic
therapy. H+ ions decreases---The lungs will immediately begin to compensate by holding on to
CO2 (hypoventilation)
Resp. acidosis - Answer elevation of Pco2
- hypovent. asthma, emphysema, coma, snickers stuck in throat. (Holds to Co2)---Kidneys will
compensate over hours by conserving HCO3- and excretign H+ ions.
Resp. alkalosis - Answer depression of Pco2
- hypervent. drugs, excitement, anxiety / Co2 decreases.---Kidneys will compensate over hours
by retaining H+ and excreting HCO3- ions.
Metabolic - Answer Kidneys. Affects pH by retaining or dumping HCO3-
Respiratory - Answer Lungs. Affects pH by changing the PCO2 level.
Euploidy - Answer Cells that have a multiple of the normal number set (23) of chromosomes.
Aneuploidy - Answer A somatic cell that does not contain an exact multiple of 23
chromosomes.
Haploid - Answer 23x1 chromosomes
Diploid - Answer 23x2 chromosomes
Triploid - Answer Fetuses have three copies of each chromosome (69 total)
Tetraploid - Answer Fetuses have four copies of each (92 each)
Multifactorial traits - Answer follow a bell-shaped distribution curve (Gaussian distribution)
because they are influenced by BOTH environmental and genetic factors. Multifactorial
inheritance is responsible for the greatest number of individual that will need special care or
hospitalization because of genetic diseases.
