HTHS 2230 Patho Unit 1 Questions
and Already Solved Correct 2026
Updated.
Cellular Adaption - Answer Adapt to new environment, escape, or protect themselves
Atrophy - Answer decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy - Answer increase in the mass of cells
Hyperplasia - Answer increase in the number of cells
Metaplasia - Answer changing the way the cell looks, usually changes to a hypertrophied or
hyperplastic. Smoking
Dysplasia - Answer change to an abnormal cell, not normal & not found in the body,
(sometimes called atypical hyperplasia), caused by persisten injury or irritation. Example:
cervical dysplasia from HPV, bronchial dysplasia from smoking
Hypoxia - Answer cells deprived of oxygen (most common cause of non-adaptive cellular
injury)
Ischemia - Answer reduced blood supply (which carries oxygen)
Free radical - Answer atom or molecule that has an unpaired electron
Free Radical Formation - Answer normal metabolism, ionizing radiation, drug metabolism
Free Radical Mechanisms of injury - Answer -lipid peroxidation: destruction of unsaturated
fatty acids
-protein destruction: fragmentation of polpeptide chains & denaturation
-DNA alteration: breakage of DNA strands
What 2 things inactivate free radicals? - Answer -antioxidants: block synthesis or inactive
free radicals
, -enzymes: *superoxide dismutase (SOD) - usually inactivated, SOD converts superoxide to
H2O2; *Catalase - SOD makes H2O2, catalase then converts 2H2O2 -> O2+2H2O; *Glutathione
peroxidase (GPx)
Lead Poisoning - Answer acts like iron, calcium, & zinc
interferes with neurotransmitters in the CNS
interfers with hemoglobin sythesis
significant number of childhood poisoning
Toxic Chemical Agents - Answer direct contact of chemical, molecular components of cell,
free radicals, or lipid peroxidation. Example: CO very high affinity for Hgb, colorless, ordorless,
and causes nausea, vomiting, headache, weakness, & tinnitus
Ethanol - Answer -form of alcohol in mood-altering beverages
-in liver converted to acetaldehyde which is toxic to the liver. (free radical damage)
Contusion - Answer bleeding into the skin or underlying tissue
Hematoma - Answer -a collection of blood in an enclosed space
-subdural & epidural hematoma in skull
Abrasion - Answer removal of the superficial layers of the skin
Laceration - Answer rip of tear when the elasticity of the skin/tissue will not hold up by the
pressure applied by injuring object
Incised wound - Answer cut that is longer than it is deep
Stab wound - Answer cut that is deeper than it is long
Penetrating Gunshot Wound - Answer bullet remains in the body
Perforating Gunshot Wound - Answer bullet exits the body
_____ _____ occur because of a failure of O2 to the lungs. - Answer asphyxial injuries
and Already Solved Correct 2026
Updated.
Cellular Adaption - Answer Adapt to new environment, escape, or protect themselves
Atrophy - Answer decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy - Answer increase in the mass of cells
Hyperplasia - Answer increase in the number of cells
Metaplasia - Answer changing the way the cell looks, usually changes to a hypertrophied or
hyperplastic. Smoking
Dysplasia - Answer change to an abnormal cell, not normal & not found in the body,
(sometimes called atypical hyperplasia), caused by persisten injury or irritation. Example:
cervical dysplasia from HPV, bronchial dysplasia from smoking
Hypoxia - Answer cells deprived of oxygen (most common cause of non-adaptive cellular
injury)
Ischemia - Answer reduced blood supply (which carries oxygen)
Free radical - Answer atom or molecule that has an unpaired electron
Free Radical Formation - Answer normal metabolism, ionizing radiation, drug metabolism
Free Radical Mechanisms of injury - Answer -lipid peroxidation: destruction of unsaturated
fatty acids
-protein destruction: fragmentation of polpeptide chains & denaturation
-DNA alteration: breakage of DNA strands
What 2 things inactivate free radicals? - Answer -antioxidants: block synthesis or inactive
free radicals
, -enzymes: *superoxide dismutase (SOD) - usually inactivated, SOD converts superoxide to
H2O2; *Catalase - SOD makes H2O2, catalase then converts 2H2O2 -> O2+2H2O; *Glutathione
peroxidase (GPx)
Lead Poisoning - Answer acts like iron, calcium, & zinc
interferes with neurotransmitters in the CNS
interfers with hemoglobin sythesis
significant number of childhood poisoning
Toxic Chemical Agents - Answer direct contact of chemical, molecular components of cell,
free radicals, or lipid peroxidation. Example: CO very high affinity for Hgb, colorless, ordorless,
and causes nausea, vomiting, headache, weakness, & tinnitus
Ethanol - Answer -form of alcohol in mood-altering beverages
-in liver converted to acetaldehyde which is toxic to the liver. (free radical damage)
Contusion - Answer bleeding into the skin or underlying tissue
Hematoma - Answer -a collection of blood in an enclosed space
-subdural & epidural hematoma in skull
Abrasion - Answer removal of the superficial layers of the skin
Laceration - Answer rip of tear when the elasticity of the skin/tissue will not hold up by the
pressure applied by injuring object
Incised wound - Answer cut that is longer than it is deep
Stab wound - Answer cut that is deeper than it is long
Penetrating Gunshot Wound - Answer bullet remains in the body
Perforating Gunshot Wound - Answer bullet exits the body
_____ _____ occur because of a failure of O2 to the lungs. - Answer asphyxial injuries
