PSY 381 Midterm || 100% Error-free Answers.
Psychological Disorder correct answers 4 Part Criteria
- Being Different - individuals possessing characteristics that distinguish them from the general
public
- Deviant Behavior - behaviors straying from societal "norms" or standards
- Behaving Dangerously - result from intense emotional states or may signal the presence of a
psychological disorder, but alone isn't necessary or sufficient)
- Behaving Dysfunctionally - patterns of behavior that interfere with normal daily routines, such
as one's social, occupation, and emotional functioning, causing significant distress (contextual in
nature)
Clinical Descriptors of Disorders and Abnormal Behavior correct answers - Describe how the
patient feels, etc., aims to distinguish the Clinically Significant dysfunction from the common
human experience
- Describe prevalence (how many people in the population) and incidence (how many new cases)
of disorders - sex ratio, and age of onset
- Describe onset of disorders - acute or insidious onset (immediate or gradual)
- Describe course of disorders - episodic, time-limited, chronic course
- Describes prognosis - good vs. guarded
Biological Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior correct answers that abnormal behavior is derived
from our bodily functions (Genetic, Physiological, Exposure)
Hippocrates viewed abnormal behavior as a physical disease (hysteria)
o He ridiculed demonological accounts of illness and insanity that come from the supernatural
tradition, and instead believed health depended on a balance of four bodily fluids: Blood, Black
Bile, Phlegm, Yellow Bile
Galen (Galenic-Hippocratic tradition) extends Hippocrate's work, and created a humoral theory
of mental illness and the treatments remained crude - but he linked abnormality with brain
chemical imbalances which foreshadowed modern views
- General paresis (syphilis) was the first disease linked to brain causing disorders, because the
bacteria produced several unusual psychological and behavioral symptoms - it also led to
penicillin as a successful treatment, which helped bolster the view that mental illness is a
physical illness
Psychological Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior correct answers that the abnormal behavior is
derived in issues from the mind (Learning, Maladaptive Thinking, Poor Coping)
Freudian theory of the structure and function of the mind
o Superego (conscience) is driven by moral principles, Ego (logical/rational) is driven by the
reality principle of society, Id (illogical/emotional/irrational) is driven by the pleasure principle
o The theory says that abnormal behavior comes from the conflict of the Ego and Id, and of
subconscious and conscious
,Humanistic Theory
Sociocultural Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior correct answers that the abnormal behavior is
derived from occasions they learned in society and in their culture (Parenting, Peers, Culture)
The Behavior Model - a scientific approach to the study of psychopathology
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov and Watson), showed a ubiquitous form of learning where there
was a contingency between neutral and unconditioned stimuli
Biopsychosocial Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior correct answers the idea that abnormal
behavior is derived from all three aspects and all three aspects affect eachother
Integrative Approach - psychopathology is multiply determined, and the unidimensional
accounts of psychopathology are incomplete (i.e., biological, psychological, or sociocultural)
Must consider reciprocal relations between biological, psychological, social, and experiential
factors
4 "D"'s of Abnormality correct answers Dysfunction - psychological dysfunction from the
breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
Distress - personal distress from the difficulty of performing appropriate and expected roles,
and/or impairment from the context of a person's background
Deviance - atypical or not culturally expected response, the response is outside cultural norms
Danger - to self or others
Supernatural Conceptualization of Abnormal Behavior correct answers Deviant behavior was
viewed as a battle between the "good" vs. the "evil"
o Caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery, and the treatments for these things
included exorcism, torture, beatings, and crude surgeries
The moon and the stars were guiding principles
Define Harmful Dysfunction correct answers A condition should be considered a mental disorder
IFF it meets two criteria:
o The condition results from the inability of some internal mechanism to perform its natural
function (dysfunction) - something inside the person isn't working properly
o The condition causes some harm to the person as judged by the standards of the person's
culture (harmful) - these negative consequences are measured in terms of the person's own
subjective distress or difficulty performing expected social or occupational roles
Disease Burden correct answers Epidemiologists measure disease burden by combining two
factors - mortality and disability
, - Common measure based on time, the lost years of healthy life - which might be caused by
premature death (compared to the person's standard life expectancy) or living with a disability
(weighted for severity)
- Ex. Disability produced y major depression is considered to be equivalent to that associated
with blindness or paraplegia, Schizophrenia with quadriplegia
- Mental disorders = 2nd leading source of disease burden
- Detailed by WHO
Etiology correct answers What contributes to the development of psychopathology
It's the cause of the disease
Most of abnormal behaviors etiology remains a mystery
Most of the cases are like the "chicken or the egg", do chemical imbalances in the brain cause
depression or do trying experiences cause depression
Paradigm correct answers A set of shared theoretical substance and common beliefs
- Specifically, about how scientists should collect data and test hypotheses
Four paradigms of biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and humanistic all
disagreed with each other about what causes abnormal behavior
Biological Paradigm correct answers looks for biological abnormalities that might cause
abnormal behavior
General paresis (bacteria) gave hope that scientists would discover biological causes for other
mental disorders after it led to penicillin discovery to cure syphilis
o To date, specific biological causes have been identified for only some cognitive disorders
Cause - genes/neurochemistry/physical damage, Treatment - medication
can overemphasize the medical world
Psychodynamic Paradigm correct answers asserts that abnormal behavior is caused by
unconscious mental conflicts that have roots in early childhood
o Psychoanalytic Theory - Id (pleasure), Ego (reality principle), Superego (societal standards)
o Conflict between superego and ego leads to moral anxiety, conflict between id and ego leads to
neurotic anxiety
o The Ego protects itself from neurotic anxiety by utilizing various defense mechanisms (like
projection)
o Psychosexual development stages & Oedipal Conflict
Cause - early childhood experiences, Treatment - psychodynamic therapy
can be unyielding in focusing on childhood and the unconscious conflicts
Psychological Disorder correct answers 4 Part Criteria
- Being Different - individuals possessing characteristics that distinguish them from the general
public
- Deviant Behavior - behaviors straying from societal "norms" or standards
- Behaving Dangerously - result from intense emotional states or may signal the presence of a
psychological disorder, but alone isn't necessary or sufficient)
- Behaving Dysfunctionally - patterns of behavior that interfere with normal daily routines, such
as one's social, occupation, and emotional functioning, causing significant distress (contextual in
nature)
Clinical Descriptors of Disorders and Abnormal Behavior correct answers - Describe how the
patient feels, etc., aims to distinguish the Clinically Significant dysfunction from the common
human experience
- Describe prevalence (how many people in the population) and incidence (how many new cases)
of disorders - sex ratio, and age of onset
- Describe onset of disorders - acute or insidious onset (immediate or gradual)
- Describe course of disorders - episodic, time-limited, chronic course
- Describes prognosis - good vs. guarded
Biological Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior correct answers that abnormal behavior is derived
from our bodily functions (Genetic, Physiological, Exposure)
Hippocrates viewed abnormal behavior as a physical disease (hysteria)
o He ridiculed demonological accounts of illness and insanity that come from the supernatural
tradition, and instead believed health depended on a balance of four bodily fluids: Blood, Black
Bile, Phlegm, Yellow Bile
Galen (Galenic-Hippocratic tradition) extends Hippocrate's work, and created a humoral theory
of mental illness and the treatments remained crude - but he linked abnormality with brain
chemical imbalances which foreshadowed modern views
- General paresis (syphilis) was the first disease linked to brain causing disorders, because the
bacteria produced several unusual psychological and behavioral symptoms - it also led to
penicillin as a successful treatment, which helped bolster the view that mental illness is a
physical illness
Psychological Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior correct answers that the abnormal behavior is
derived in issues from the mind (Learning, Maladaptive Thinking, Poor Coping)
Freudian theory of the structure and function of the mind
o Superego (conscience) is driven by moral principles, Ego (logical/rational) is driven by the
reality principle of society, Id (illogical/emotional/irrational) is driven by the pleasure principle
o The theory says that abnormal behavior comes from the conflict of the Ego and Id, and of
subconscious and conscious
,Humanistic Theory
Sociocultural Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior correct answers that the abnormal behavior is
derived from occasions they learned in society and in their culture (Parenting, Peers, Culture)
The Behavior Model - a scientific approach to the study of psychopathology
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov and Watson), showed a ubiquitous form of learning where there
was a contingency between neutral and unconditioned stimuli
Biopsychosocial Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior correct answers the idea that abnormal
behavior is derived from all three aspects and all three aspects affect eachother
Integrative Approach - psychopathology is multiply determined, and the unidimensional
accounts of psychopathology are incomplete (i.e., biological, psychological, or sociocultural)
Must consider reciprocal relations between biological, psychological, social, and experiential
factors
4 "D"'s of Abnormality correct answers Dysfunction - psychological dysfunction from the
breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
Distress - personal distress from the difficulty of performing appropriate and expected roles,
and/or impairment from the context of a person's background
Deviance - atypical or not culturally expected response, the response is outside cultural norms
Danger - to self or others
Supernatural Conceptualization of Abnormal Behavior correct answers Deviant behavior was
viewed as a battle between the "good" vs. the "evil"
o Caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery, and the treatments for these things
included exorcism, torture, beatings, and crude surgeries
The moon and the stars were guiding principles
Define Harmful Dysfunction correct answers A condition should be considered a mental disorder
IFF it meets two criteria:
o The condition results from the inability of some internal mechanism to perform its natural
function (dysfunction) - something inside the person isn't working properly
o The condition causes some harm to the person as judged by the standards of the person's
culture (harmful) - these negative consequences are measured in terms of the person's own
subjective distress or difficulty performing expected social or occupational roles
Disease Burden correct answers Epidemiologists measure disease burden by combining two
factors - mortality and disability
, - Common measure based on time, the lost years of healthy life - which might be caused by
premature death (compared to the person's standard life expectancy) or living with a disability
(weighted for severity)
- Ex. Disability produced y major depression is considered to be equivalent to that associated
with blindness or paraplegia, Schizophrenia with quadriplegia
- Mental disorders = 2nd leading source of disease burden
- Detailed by WHO
Etiology correct answers What contributes to the development of psychopathology
It's the cause of the disease
Most of abnormal behaviors etiology remains a mystery
Most of the cases are like the "chicken or the egg", do chemical imbalances in the brain cause
depression or do trying experiences cause depression
Paradigm correct answers A set of shared theoretical substance and common beliefs
- Specifically, about how scientists should collect data and test hypotheses
Four paradigms of biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and humanistic all
disagreed with each other about what causes abnormal behavior
Biological Paradigm correct answers looks for biological abnormalities that might cause
abnormal behavior
General paresis (bacteria) gave hope that scientists would discover biological causes for other
mental disorders after it led to penicillin discovery to cure syphilis
o To date, specific biological causes have been identified for only some cognitive disorders
Cause - genes/neurochemistry/physical damage, Treatment - medication
can overemphasize the medical world
Psychodynamic Paradigm correct answers asserts that abnormal behavior is caused by
unconscious mental conflicts that have roots in early childhood
o Psychoanalytic Theory - Id (pleasure), Ego (reality principle), Superego (societal standards)
o Conflict between superego and ego leads to moral anxiety, conflict between id and ego leads to
neurotic anxiety
o The Ego protects itself from neurotic anxiety by utilizing various defense mechanisms (like
projection)
o Psychosexual development stages & Oedipal Conflict
Cause - early childhood experiences, Treatment - psychodynamic therapy
can be unyielding in focusing on childhood and the unconscious conflicts
