KETTERING TESTS PREMIUM REVIEW
COLLECTION 2026 TESTED MATERIALS
◉ Normal CVP? Answer: Changes in CVP can *indicate changes in
fluid balance*
- Normal CVP is 2-6
- Decreased CVP can indicate hypovolemia (recommend fluid
therapy)
- Increased CVP can indicate hypervolemia (*recommend diuretics*)
◉ If a patient is lethargic, somnolent, or sleepy, what test would you
consider? Answer: Consider sleep apnea testing
◉ Obtunded definition Answer: - Drowsy state may have decreased
cough or gag reflex, risk of aspiration
- *CONSIDER INTUBATION*
◉ Orthopnea definition Answer: - Difficulty breathing while lying
down
- Many *CHF* patients have this issue
◉ General malaise definition Answer: - Run down feeling, nausea,
weakness, fatigue, headache (*electrolyte imbalance*)
,◉ Dysphagia definition Answer: - *Difficulty swallowing* and
hoarseness are also common symptoms
- *CONSIDER INTUBATION*
◉ Peripheral edema is caused primarily by what 2 diseases?
Answer: - CHF and Renal Failure
◉ Clubbing of fingers is caused by what? Answer: - Chronic
*hypoxemia*
- Presence of this is suggestive of pulmonary disease
- The condition is present when the angle of the nail bed and skin
increases
◉ Severe cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure) has what major
sign? Answer: - JVD (vein distension)
- Also seen during exhalation in patients with COPD and air trapping
◉ Eupnea definition Answer: - Normal respiratory rate, depth, and
rhythm
◉ Cheyne-Stokes definition and cause Answer: - pattern of breathing
characterized by a *gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to
a maximum level, followed by a decrease, followed by apnea*
,- Caused by: increased ICP, brainstem injury, or drug overdose
◉ Hyperpnea definition and cause Answer: - Increased RR,
increased depth, regular rhythm
- Caused by: Metabolic disorder or CNS disorders
◉ Biot's respiration definition and cause Answer: - Increased RR and
depth with irregular periods of apnea. Each breath has the same
depth. *No pattern*
- Caused by: CNS problem
◉ Kussmaul's respiration definition and cause Answer: - Increased
RR (usually over 20 BPM). increased depth, irregular rhythm,
breathing sounds labored.
- Caused by: Hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, *diabetic
ketoacidosis*
◉ Agonal respirations (apneustic) definition and cause Answer: -
Prolonged *gasping* inspiration followed by extremely short,
insufficient expiration.
- Caused by: problem with respiratory center, trauma or tumor
, ◉ Mallampati score "rule of 5" Answer: - your score should equal 5
(Example: if you have a class 2, then you have only 3 visuals... 2+3 =
5)
- Class 1 = 4 visuals (soft palate, uvula, fauces, and pillars visible
- Class 2 = 3 visuals (soft palate, uvula, and fauces visible)
- Class 3 = 2 visuals (soft palate and base of uvula visible)
- Class 4 = 1 visual (Hard palate only visible)
- *Assess the difficulty of intubation*
◉ A change in HR of more than what considered an adverse
reaction? Answer: - A change of HR *more than 20 beats/min* is
considered an adverse reaction
- Stop the therapy, notify nurse and doctor, and record the event
◉ Pulsus paradoxus definition and cause Answer: - A decrease in
pulse pressures during inspiration
- Caused by: *cardiac tamponade*, *air trapping*, status
asthmaticus, and tension pneumothorax
◉ Where do you hear Fine Crackles Answer: - In the alveoli
- Associated with CHF and pulmonary edema
- Recommended treatment is PPV and Diuretics
COLLECTION 2026 TESTED MATERIALS
◉ Normal CVP? Answer: Changes in CVP can *indicate changes in
fluid balance*
- Normal CVP is 2-6
- Decreased CVP can indicate hypovolemia (recommend fluid
therapy)
- Increased CVP can indicate hypervolemia (*recommend diuretics*)
◉ If a patient is lethargic, somnolent, or sleepy, what test would you
consider? Answer: Consider sleep apnea testing
◉ Obtunded definition Answer: - Drowsy state may have decreased
cough or gag reflex, risk of aspiration
- *CONSIDER INTUBATION*
◉ Orthopnea definition Answer: - Difficulty breathing while lying
down
- Many *CHF* patients have this issue
◉ General malaise definition Answer: - Run down feeling, nausea,
weakness, fatigue, headache (*electrolyte imbalance*)
,◉ Dysphagia definition Answer: - *Difficulty swallowing* and
hoarseness are also common symptoms
- *CONSIDER INTUBATION*
◉ Peripheral edema is caused primarily by what 2 diseases?
Answer: - CHF and Renal Failure
◉ Clubbing of fingers is caused by what? Answer: - Chronic
*hypoxemia*
- Presence of this is suggestive of pulmonary disease
- The condition is present when the angle of the nail bed and skin
increases
◉ Severe cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure) has what major
sign? Answer: - JVD (vein distension)
- Also seen during exhalation in patients with COPD and air trapping
◉ Eupnea definition Answer: - Normal respiratory rate, depth, and
rhythm
◉ Cheyne-Stokes definition and cause Answer: - pattern of breathing
characterized by a *gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to
a maximum level, followed by a decrease, followed by apnea*
,- Caused by: increased ICP, brainstem injury, or drug overdose
◉ Hyperpnea definition and cause Answer: - Increased RR,
increased depth, regular rhythm
- Caused by: Metabolic disorder or CNS disorders
◉ Biot's respiration definition and cause Answer: - Increased RR and
depth with irregular periods of apnea. Each breath has the same
depth. *No pattern*
- Caused by: CNS problem
◉ Kussmaul's respiration definition and cause Answer: - Increased
RR (usually over 20 BPM). increased depth, irregular rhythm,
breathing sounds labored.
- Caused by: Hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, *diabetic
ketoacidosis*
◉ Agonal respirations (apneustic) definition and cause Answer: -
Prolonged *gasping* inspiration followed by extremely short,
insufficient expiration.
- Caused by: problem with respiratory center, trauma or tumor
, ◉ Mallampati score "rule of 5" Answer: - your score should equal 5
(Example: if you have a class 2, then you have only 3 visuals... 2+3 =
5)
- Class 1 = 4 visuals (soft palate, uvula, fauces, and pillars visible
- Class 2 = 3 visuals (soft palate, uvula, and fauces visible)
- Class 3 = 2 visuals (soft palate and base of uvula visible)
- Class 4 = 1 visual (Hard palate only visible)
- *Assess the difficulty of intubation*
◉ A change in HR of more than what considered an adverse
reaction? Answer: - A change of HR *more than 20 beats/min* is
considered an adverse reaction
- Stop the therapy, notify nurse and doctor, and record the event
◉ Pulsus paradoxus definition and cause Answer: - A decrease in
pulse pressures during inspiration
- Caused by: *cardiac tamponade*, *air trapping*, status
asthmaticus, and tension pneumothorax
◉ Where do you hear Fine Crackles Answer: - In the alveoli
- Associated with CHF and pulmonary edema
- Recommended treatment is PPV and Diuretics
