NR 565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM (CHAMBERLAIN) 2026 SPRING EXAM
100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
What are black box warnings?
Is the strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market. Usually
presented on the label with a heavy black border.
Why are black box warnings issued?
Issued by the FDA due to having serious or life-threatening risks
What is neonate and infant drug dosing based on?
weight or body surface area (BSA)
After age one what happens to pharmacokinetic parameters, including drug sensitivity?
mirror adult parameters
Children under two have fast metabolism
true
How is absorption of transdermal medications different in neonates?
more rapid and complete in infants than in older children and adults. the skin is very thin
and blood flow is great in infants
,How is absorption of oral medications different in neonates?
absorption may be enhanced or impeded depending on the properties of the drug. gastric
emptying is irregular, drugs absrobed in the intestine are absorbed slower.
Common fears with genetic testing
Lack of education - many health care providers do not possess the knowledge or comfort to
interpret the tesgin
financial cost - many insurance plans do not cover this. cost can be from $100-2000.
discrimination from employers, insurance companies or providers
12 CDC guidelines for prescribing opioids
Opioids are not first line therapy
establish goals for pain and function
Discuss risks and benefits
Use immediate release opioids when starting
Use the lowest effective dose
Prescribe short durations for acute pain
Evaluate benefits and harms frequently
Use strategies to migrate risk
Review PDMP data
Use urine drug testing
Avoid concurrent opioid and benzo prescribing
Offer treatment for opioid use disorder
,Pure opioid agonist
activate opioid receptors in brain resulting in opioid effect
examples of pure opioid agonist
morphine, methadone, fentanyl, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, opium
pure opioids produce what effects?
analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, physical dependence, constipation
prototype for strong opioid agonist
morphine
moderate to strong opioid agonist prototype
codeine
A person who is depend on a pure opioid agonist should NEVER receive an opioid agonist
antagonist
true
, opioid agonist-antagonist
used to treat opioid dependence and pain. They work by reducing the affects of withdrawal
symptoms and affecting pain sensors.
examples of opioid agonist-antagonist
Buprenorphine, Pentazocine, Butorphanol, Nalbuphine
pure opioid antagonist
reverse and blocks opioid effects
example opioid antagonist
naloxone
When to refer a patient to a pain specialist?
required for patients who take 120 mme per day of morphine milligram equivalents
What is used to calculate pt's overdose risk?
total morphine milligram equivalent (MME) per day to help assess the patient's overdose
risk. If it is high (≥50 MME/day and especially ≥90 MME/day)
100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
What are black box warnings?
Is the strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market. Usually
presented on the label with a heavy black border.
Why are black box warnings issued?
Issued by the FDA due to having serious or life-threatening risks
What is neonate and infant drug dosing based on?
weight or body surface area (BSA)
After age one what happens to pharmacokinetic parameters, including drug sensitivity?
mirror adult parameters
Children under two have fast metabolism
true
How is absorption of transdermal medications different in neonates?
more rapid and complete in infants than in older children and adults. the skin is very thin
and blood flow is great in infants
,How is absorption of oral medications different in neonates?
absorption may be enhanced or impeded depending on the properties of the drug. gastric
emptying is irregular, drugs absrobed in the intestine are absorbed slower.
Common fears with genetic testing
Lack of education - many health care providers do not possess the knowledge or comfort to
interpret the tesgin
financial cost - many insurance plans do not cover this. cost can be from $100-2000.
discrimination from employers, insurance companies or providers
12 CDC guidelines for prescribing opioids
Opioids are not first line therapy
establish goals for pain and function
Discuss risks and benefits
Use immediate release opioids when starting
Use the lowest effective dose
Prescribe short durations for acute pain
Evaluate benefits and harms frequently
Use strategies to migrate risk
Review PDMP data
Use urine drug testing
Avoid concurrent opioid and benzo prescribing
Offer treatment for opioid use disorder
,Pure opioid agonist
activate opioid receptors in brain resulting in opioid effect
examples of pure opioid agonist
morphine, methadone, fentanyl, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, opium
pure opioids produce what effects?
analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, physical dependence, constipation
prototype for strong opioid agonist
morphine
moderate to strong opioid agonist prototype
codeine
A person who is depend on a pure opioid agonist should NEVER receive an opioid agonist
antagonist
true
, opioid agonist-antagonist
used to treat opioid dependence and pain. They work by reducing the affects of withdrawal
symptoms and affecting pain sensors.
examples of opioid agonist-antagonist
Buprenorphine, Pentazocine, Butorphanol, Nalbuphine
pure opioid antagonist
reverse and blocks opioid effects
example opioid antagonist
naloxone
When to refer a patient to a pain specialist?
required for patients who take 120 mme per day of morphine milligram equivalents
What is used to calculate pt's overdose risk?
total morphine milligram equivalent (MME) per day to help assess the patient's overdose
risk. If it is high (≥50 MME/day and especially ≥90 MME/day)
