BIOL 251 - Exam 1 Study Guide
Questions and Answers.
Microorganism - Answer a small, microscopic organism consisting of a single cell or cell
cluster
Microscopic - Answer too small to see with the naked eye
Microbiology - Answer the study of microorganisms (focused specifically on the small size)
The main role of bacteria and archaea - Answer catalysts of biogeochemical cycles
Bacteria and Archea made ___ - Answer life on Earth possible
Animal and plant life are completely dependent upon - Answer prokaryotes
Identify the region of Gemmata obscuriglobus that contains ribosomes - Answer
pirellulosome
how did microbiology disprove spontaneous generation? - Answer experiments like Redi and
Spallanzini sealed food and allowed it to spoil, and no flies appeared
Louis Pasteur experiment - Answer poured liquid into a gooseneck flask where dust &
microorganisms collected within the bend; when the flask was tipped, only then would the
liquid be contaminated
how did the Louis Pasteur experiment disprove spontaneous generation? - Answer
microorganisms only appeared when the flask was tipped over and the liquid touched the
microorganisms
Ferdinand Cohn discovered - Answer endospores
Tyndallization - Answer developed by John Tyndall, boiling food for 15 minutes for three
consecutive days
Cell theory - Answer Cells are the fundamental units of life, all living things are composed of
cells, all cells come from preexisting cells
,At the start of the 19th century, the possible explanations for disease were - Answer bad
luck, poverty, contagion
Who was the first to use the term "cell" in 1665? - Answer Robert Hooke
Who discovered microorganisms and called them "animalcules" in 1674? - Answer Antoni
van Leeuwenhoek
How were microorganisms described in the 17th & 18th century? - Answer germs, later
associated with unsanitary conditions and diseases
Which physician hypothesized that germs from autopsy cadavers infect pregnant women during
delivery? - Answer Ignaz Semmelweis
When Ignaz Semmelweis had his physicians wash their hands in antiseptic solution, what
happened after? - Answer morality of patients significantly decreased
Who is considered the father of epidemiology? - Answer John Snow
How did John Snow reduce cases of Cholera in London? - Answer analyzed death records
and interviewed survivors
What was John Snow's conclusion about the source of cholera? - Answer water from a
contaminated pump was the source of contagion
Cholera is caused by - Answer Vibrio cholerae, poison in human feces
Who isolated Vibrio cholerae? - Answer Robert Koch
Florence Nightingale believed in the Sanitarian movement, believing that - Answer
cleanliness eliminated contagion because filth caused disease
Standards for hospitals in the Sanitarian movement - Answer white-painted walls, sewers to
conduct human waste away, well-fed patients, clean uniforms, clean and new bandages for
injured people, frequent baths, clean with chlorinated lime & bleach
, Joseph Lister began the practice of - Answer applying phenol to surgical instruments,
bandages, and wounds
the use of _____ led to antiseptics - Answer phenol
Phenol is - Answer carbolic acid
using phenol and other antiseptics in surgery caused a - Answer decline in post-operative
infections
How did Robert Koch prove germ theory of disease? - Answer He introduced a cultured
microbe to healthy subjects and they showed disease
Robert Koch worked with - Answer Anthrax & Tuberculosis
Pasteur developed ____ based on weakened microbes for _______ - Answer vaccines;
rabies, anthrax, chicken cholera
Robert Koch proved that tuberculosis is caused by - Answer mycobacterium tuberculosis
The initial investigations into antimicrobial agents, antibiotics, and immunology can all be traced
to the work of - Answer Pasteur and Koch
How did tyndallization eliminate bacterial contamination for the 19th century canned food
industry? - Answer boiling treatments were conducted on three successive days
Carl Linnaeus classified organisms with - Answer taxonomy
taxonomy naming system - Answer genus & species (Canis familiaris)
Why is the kingdom system obsolete? - Answer monera is not a valid term; it does not
describe evolutionary relationships
What new type of prokaryote was found in 1976? - Answer methanogen or archaea
methanogen - Answer anaerobic organisms that produce methane (CH4)
Questions and Answers.
Microorganism - Answer a small, microscopic organism consisting of a single cell or cell
cluster
Microscopic - Answer too small to see with the naked eye
Microbiology - Answer the study of microorganisms (focused specifically on the small size)
The main role of bacteria and archaea - Answer catalysts of biogeochemical cycles
Bacteria and Archea made ___ - Answer life on Earth possible
Animal and plant life are completely dependent upon - Answer prokaryotes
Identify the region of Gemmata obscuriglobus that contains ribosomes - Answer
pirellulosome
how did microbiology disprove spontaneous generation? - Answer experiments like Redi and
Spallanzini sealed food and allowed it to spoil, and no flies appeared
Louis Pasteur experiment - Answer poured liquid into a gooseneck flask where dust &
microorganisms collected within the bend; when the flask was tipped, only then would the
liquid be contaminated
how did the Louis Pasteur experiment disprove spontaneous generation? - Answer
microorganisms only appeared when the flask was tipped over and the liquid touched the
microorganisms
Ferdinand Cohn discovered - Answer endospores
Tyndallization - Answer developed by John Tyndall, boiling food for 15 minutes for three
consecutive days
Cell theory - Answer Cells are the fundamental units of life, all living things are composed of
cells, all cells come from preexisting cells
,At the start of the 19th century, the possible explanations for disease were - Answer bad
luck, poverty, contagion
Who was the first to use the term "cell" in 1665? - Answer Robert Hooke
Who discovered microorganisms and called them "animalcules" in 1674? - Answer Antoni
van Leeuwenhoek
How were microorganisms described in the 17th & 18th century? - Answer germs, later
associated with unsanitary conditions and diseases
Which physician hypothesized that germs from autopsy cadavers infect pregnant women during
delivery? - Answer Ignaz Semmelweis
When Ignaz Semmelweis had his physicians wash their hands in antiseptic solution, what
happened after? - Answer morality of patients significantly decreased
Who is considered the father of epidemiology? - Answer John Snow
How did John Snow reduce cases of Cholera in London? - Answer analyzed death records
and interviewed survivors
What was John Snow's conclusion about the source of cholera? - Answer water from a
contaminated pump was the source of contagion
Cholera is caused by - Answer Vibrio cholerae, poison in human feces
Who isolated Vibrio cholerae? - Answer Robert Koch
Florence Nightingale believed in the Sanitarian movement, believing that - Answer
cleanliness eliminated contagion because filth caused disease
Standards for hospitals in the Sanitarian movement - Answer white-painted walls, sewers to
conduct human waste away, well-fed patients, clean uniforms, clean and new bandages for
injured people, frequent baths, clean with chlorinated lime & bleach
, Joseph Lister began the practice of - Answer applying phenol to surgical instruments,
bandages, and wounds
the use of _____ led to antiseptics - Answer phenol
Phenol is - Answer carbolic acid
using phenol and other antiseptics in surgery caused a - Answer decline in post-operative
infections
How did Robert Koch prove germ theory of disease? - Answer He introduced a cultured
microbe to healthy subjects and they showed disease
Robert Koch worked with - Answer Anthrax & Tuberculosis
Pasteur developed ____ based on weakened microbes for _______ - Answer vaccines;
rabies, anthrax, chicken cholera
Robert Koch proved that tuberculosis is caused by - Answer mycobacterium tuberculosis
The initial investigations into antimicrobial agents, antibiotics, and immunology can all be traced
to the work of - Answer Pasteur and Koch
How did tyndallization eliminate bacterial contamination for the 19th century canned food
industry? - Answer boiling treatments were conducted on three successive days
Carl Linnaeus classified organisms with - Answer taxonomy
taxonomy naming system - Answer genus & species (Canis familiaris)
Why is the kingdom system obsolete? - Answer monera is not a valid term; it does not
describe evolutionary relationships
What new type of prokaryote was found in 1976? - Answer methanogen or archaea
methanogen - Answer anaerobic organisms that produce methane (CH4)
