SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
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Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition
x x x x x x
by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28
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,Artificial Intelligencex
1 Introduction ...
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2 Intelligent Agents ...
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II Problem-solving
x
3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
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4 Search in Complex Environments ...
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5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
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6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
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III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
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7 Logical Agents ...
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8 First-Order Logic ...
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9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
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10 Knowledge Representation ...
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11 Automated Planning ...
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IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
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12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
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13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
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14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
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15 Probabilistic Programming ...
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16 Making Simple Decisions ...
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17 Making Complex Decisions ...
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18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
xxxx x x x x x
V Machine Learning
x x
, 19 Learning from Examples ...
xxxx x x x x x
20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
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21 Deep Learning ...
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22 Reinforcement Learning ...
xxxx x x x x
VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
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23 Natural Language Processing ...
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24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
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25 Computer Vision ...
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26 Robotics ...
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VII Conclusions
x
27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
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28 The Future of AI
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, EXERCISES x x
1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers can be found
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
x x x x x x x x x x x x
1.1 What Is AI?
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Exercise 1.1.#DEFA x
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
x x x x
a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply x x x x x x x x x x x
knowledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
profit from experience.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
quantifiable we would use something like “the ability to act successfully across a wide
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
range of objectives in complex environments.”
x x x x x x
b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that
x x x x x x x x x x x x
perform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent architecture; they do the
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
right thing. An important part of that is dealing with the uncertainty of what the current
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
state is, what the outcome of possible actions might be, and what is it that we really desire.
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from an envi-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ronment.
x
d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing” given what
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The basic concept is perfect
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of achieving perfect rational- ity and
x x x x x x x x x x x x
proposes an alternative definition.
x x x x
e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old, such that
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice that does not refer to
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
anyspecific syntaxorformallanguage, butitdoesrequire awell-definednotion of truth.)
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Exercise 1.1.#TURI x
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
objections to his proposed enterprise and his testfor intelligence. Which objections stillcarry
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
x x x x x x x x
x x x
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition
x x x x x x
by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28
x x x x x x x x x x
,Artificial Intelligencex
1 Introduction ...
xxxx x x x
2 Intelligent Agents ...
xxxx x x x x
II Problem-solving
x
3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
xxxx x x x x x x
4 Search in Complex Environments ...
xxxx x x x x x x
5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
xxxx x x x x x x
6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
xxxx x x x x x
III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
x x x x
7 Logical Agents ...
xxxx x x x x
8 First-Order Logic ...
xxxx x x x x
9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
xxxx x x x x x
10 Knowledge Representation ...
xxxx x x x x
11 Automated Planning ...
xxxx x x x x
IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
x x x x
12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
xxxx x x x x
13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
xxxx x x x x
14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
xxxx x x x x x x
15 Probabilistic Programming ...
xxxx x x x x
16 Making Simple Decisions ...
xxxx x x x x x
17 Making Complex Decisions ...
xxxx x x x x x
18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
xxxx x x x x x
V Machine Learning
x x
, 19 Learning from Examples ...
xxxx x x x x x
20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
xxxx x x x x x
21 Deep Learning ...
xxxx x x x x
22 Reinforcement Learning ...
xxxx x x x x
VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
x x x x
23 Natural Language Processing ...
xxxx x x x x x
24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
xxxx x x x x x x x x
25 Computer Vision ...
xxxx x x x x
26 Robotics ...
xxxx x x x
VII Conclusions
x
27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
xxxx x x x x x x x x
28 The Future of AI
xxxx x x x x
, EXERCISES x x
1
INTRODUCTION
Note that for many of the questions in this chapter, we give references where answers can be found
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
rather than writing them out—the full answers would be far too long.
x x x x x x x x x x x x
1.1 What Is AI?
x x x
Exercise 1.1.#DEFA x
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.
x x x x
a. Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply x x x x x x x x x x x
knowledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
profit from experience.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
quantifiable we would use something like “the ability to act successfully across a wide
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
range of objectives in complex environments.”
x x x x x x
b. We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that
x x x x x x x x x x x x
perform well in a given class of environments, for a given agent architecture; they do the
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
right thing. An important part of that is dealing with the uncertainty of what the current
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
state is, what the outcome of possible actions might be, and what is it that we really desire.
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
c. We define an agent as an entity that takes action in response to percepts from an envi-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ronment.
x
d. We define rationality as the property of a system which does the “right thing” given what
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
it knows. See Section 2.2 for a more complete discussion. The basic concept is perfect
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
rationality; Section ?? describes the impossibility of achieving perfect rational- ity and
x x x x x x x x x x x x
proposes an alternative definition.
x x x x
e. We define logical reasoning as the a process of deriving new sentences from old, such that
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
the new sentences are necessarily true if the old ones are true. (Notice that does not refer to
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
anyspecific syntaxorformallanguage, butitdoesrequire awell-definednotion of truth.)
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Exercise 1.1.#TURI x
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
objections to his proposed enterprise and his testfor intelligence. Which objections stillcarry
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
© 2023 Pearson Education, Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
x x x x x x x x
