NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM-READY QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
ANALYSIS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
Acute renal failure ANSWER >> Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis ANSWER >> Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be
difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
1
,-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) ANSWER >> Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure ANSWER >> Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive
loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney
disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? ANSWER >> End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
2
, --Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD ANSWER >> There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD ANSWER >> There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD ANSWER >> There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD ANSWER >> There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD ANSWER >> Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
3
EXAM-READY QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
ANALYSIS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
Acute renal failure ANSWER >> Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis ANSWER >> Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be
difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
1
,-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) ANSWER >> Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure ANSWER >> Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive
loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney
disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? ANSWER >> End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
2
, --Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD ANSWER >> There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD ANSWER >> There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD ANSWER >> There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD ANSWER >> There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD ANSWER >> Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
3
