, a LANGE medical book
v v v
Vander’sRenal v
Physiology
v v
EighthEdition v
Douglas C. Eaton, PhD
v v v
DistinguishedvProfessorvofvPhysiology
v andvProfessorvofvPediatrics
v DepartmentvofvPhysiology
EmoryvUniversityvSchoolvofvMedicine
v Atlanta,vGeorgia
John P.Pooler, PhD
v v v
ProfessorvofvPhysiologyvEmeritus
v DepartmentvofvPhysiology
EmoryvUniversityvSchoolvofvMedicine
v Atlanta,vGeorgia
New vYork v v v Chicago v v v San vFrancisco v v v Lisbon v v v London v v v Madrid v v v Mexico vCity
v Milan v v v New vDelhi v v v San vJuan v v v Seoul v v v Singapore v v v Sydney v v v Toronto
,Copyright v© v2013 vby vMcGraw-Hill vEducation, vLLC. vAll vrights vreserved. vExcept vas vpermitted vunder
vthe v United vStates vCopyright vAct vof v1976, vno vpart vof vthis vpublication vmay vbe vreproduced vor
vdistributed vin vany v form v or v by v any vmeans, v or v stored vin v a vdatabase v or v retrieval v system, v without vthe
v prior v written v permission v of vthe vpublisher.
ISBN: v978-0-07-179749-8
MHID: v0-07-179749-1
The vmaterial vin vthis veBook valso vappears vin vthe vprint vversion vof vthis vtitle: vISBN: v978-0-07-
179748-1, vMHID: v0-07-179748-3.
All vtrademarks vare vtrademarks vof vtheir vrespective vowners. vRather vthan vput va vtrademark vsymbol vafter
vevery v occurrence v of v a v trademarked v name, v we v use v names v in v an v editorial v fashion v only, v and v to v the
v benefit v of v the v trademark vowner, vwith vno vintention vof vinfringement vof vthe vtrademark. vWhere vsuch
vdesignations vappear vin v this vbook, vthey vhave vbeen vprinted vwith vinitial vcaps.
McGraw-Hill vEducation veBooks vare vavailable vat vspecial vquantity vdiscounts vto vuse vas vpremiums vand
vsales v promotions, v or v for v use v in v corporate v training v programs. v To v contact v a v representative v please
v e-mail v us v at v .
Notice
Medicine vis van vever-changing vscience. vAs vnew vresearch vand vclinical vexperience vbroaden vour
vknowledge, v changes v in v treatment v and v drug v therapy v are v required. v The v authors v and v the v publisher
v of v this v work v have v checked v with v sources v believed v to v be v reliable v in v their v efforts v to v provide
v information v that v is v complete v and vgenerally vin v accord vwith vthe vstandards vaccepted vat v the vtime vof
v publication. vHowever, vin vview vof vthe v possibility v of v human v error v or v changes v in v medical
v sciences, v neither v the v authors v nor v the v publisher v nor v any v other v party v who v has v been v involved v in
v the v preparation v or v publication v of v this v work v warrants v that v the v information vcontained vherein vis vin
vevery vrespect vaccurate vor vcomplete, vand vthey vdisclaim vall vresponsibility vfor vany verrors vor vomissions vor
vfor vthe vresults vobtained vfrom vuse vof vthe vinformation vcontained vin vthis vwork. v Readers vare vencouraged
vto vconfirm vthe vinformation vcontained vherein vwith vother vsources. vFor vexample vand v in vparticular, vreaders
vare vadvised vto vcheck vthe vproduct vinformation vsheet vincluded vin vthe vpackage vof veach v drug vthey vplan
vto vadminister vto vbe vcertain vthat vthe vinformation vcontained vin vthis vwork vis vaccurate vand vthat v changes
v have v not v been v made v in v the v recommended v dose v or v in v the v contraindications v for v administration.
vThis vrecommendation vis vof vparticular vimportance vin vconnection vwith vnew vor vinfrequently vused vdrugs.
TERMS vOF vUSE
This vis va vcopyrighted vwork vand vMcGraw-Hill vEducation, vLLC. vand vits vlicensors vreserve vall vrights vin
vand v to v the v work. v Use v of v this v work v is v subject v to v these v terms. v Except v as v permitted v under v the
v Copyright v Act v of v 1976 v and vthe v right v to vstore v and v retrieve v one v copy vof v the v work, v you v may vnot
v decompile, vdisassemble, v reverse v engineer, v reproduce, v modify, v create v derivative v works v based
v upon, v transmit, v distribute, v disseminate, vsell, vpublish vor vsublicense vthe vwork vor vany vpart vof vit vwithout
vMcGraw-Hill vEducation’s vprior v consent. vYou vmay vuse vthe vwork vfor vyour vown vnoncommercial vand
vpersonal vuse; vany vother vuse vof vthe vwork v is vstrictly vprohibited. vYour vright vto vuse vthe vwork vmay vbe
vterminated vif vyou vfail vto vcomply vwith vthese vterms.
THE v WORK v IS v PROVIDED v “AS v IS.” v McGRAW-HILL v EDUCATION vAND v ITS v LICENSORS
v MAKE v NO v GUARANTEES v OR v WARRANTIES v AS v TO v THE vACCURACY, v ADEQUACY v OR
v COMPLETENESS v OF v OR v RESULTS v TO v BE v OBTAINED v FROM v USING v THE v WORK,
v INCLUDING v ANY v INFORMATION v THAT v CAN v BE v ACCESSED v v THROUGH v v THE v
v WORK v VIA vHYPERLINK v OR v OTHERWISE, vAND v EXPRESSLY v DISCLAIM v ANY v
vWARRANTY, v EXPRESS v OR v IMPLIED, v INCLUDING v BUT v NOT v LIMITED v TO
v IMPLIED v WARRANTIES v OF v MERCHANTABILITY v OR v FITNESS v FOR vA
v PARTICULAR v PURPOSE. v McGraw-Hill v Education
and v its v licensors v do v not v warrant v or v guarantee v that v the v functions v contained v in v the v work v will
v meet v your v requirements v or v that v its v operation v will v be v uninterrupted v or v error v free. v Neither
v McGraw-Hill v Education v nor v its v licensors v shall v be v liable v to v you v or v anyone v else v for v any
v inaccuracy, v error v or v omission, v regardless vof vcause, vin vthe vwork vor vfor vany vdamages vresulting
vtherefrom. vMcGraw-Hill vEducation vhas vno v responsibility vfor vthe vcontent vof vany vinformation vaccessed
vthrough vthe vwork. vUnder vno vcircumstances vshall v McGraw-Hill v Education v and/or v its v licensors v be
v liable v for v any v indirect, v incidental, v special, v punitive, v consequential vor v similar v damages v that
v result vfrom vthe v use v of vor vinability vto vuse vthe v work, v even v if vany v of v them vhas vbeen vadvised v of vthe
, possibility vof vsuch vdamages. vThis vlimitation vof vliability vshall vapply vto vany v claim vor vcause
v
whatsoever vwhether vsuch vclaim vor vcause varises vin vcontract, vtort vor votherwise.
v
v v v
Vander’sRenal v
Physiology
v v
EighthEdition v
Douglas C. Eaton, PhD
v v v
DistinguishedvProfessorvofvPhysiology
v andvProfessorvofvPediatrics
v DepartmentvofvPhysiology
EmoryvUniversityvSchoolvofvMedicine
v Atlanta,vGeorgia
John P.Pooler, PhD
v v v
ProfessorvofvPhysiologyvEmeritus
v DepartmentvofvPhysiology
EmoryvUniversityvSchoolvofvMedicine
v Atlanta,vGeorgia
New vYork v v v Chicago v v v San vFrancisco v v v Lisbon v v v London v v v Madrid v v v Mexico vCity
v Milan v v v New vDelhi v v v San vJuan v v v Seoul v v v Singapore v v v Sydney v v v Toronto
,Copyright v© v2013 vby vMcGraw-Hill vEducation, vLLC. vAll vrights vreserved. vExcept vas vpermitted vunder
vthe v United vStates vCopyright vAct vof v1976, vno vpart vof vthis vpublication vmay vbe vreproduced vor
vdistributed vin vany v form v or v by v any vmeans, v or v stored vin v a vdatabase v or v retrieval v system, v without vthe
v prior v written v permission v of vthe vpublisher.
ISBN: v978-0-07-179749-8
MHID: v0-07-179749-1
The vmaterial vin vthis veBook valso vappears vin vthe vprint vversion vof vthis vtitle: vISBN: v978-0-07-
179748-1, vMHID: v0-07-179748-3.
All vtrademarks vare vtrademarks vof vtheir vrespective vowners. vRather vthan vput va vtrademark vsymbol vafter
vevery v occurrence v of v a v trademarked v name, v we v use v names v in v an v editorial v fashion v only, v and v to v the
v benefit v of v the v trademark vowner, vwith vno vintention vof vinfringement vof vthe vtrademark. vWhere vsuch
vdesignations vappear vin v this vbook, vthey vhave vbeen vprinted vwith vinitial vcaps.
McGraw-Hill vEducation veBooks vare vavailable vat vspecial vquantity vdiscounts vto vuse vas vpremiums vand
vsales v promotions, v or v for v use v in v corporate v training v programs. v To v contact v a v representative v please
v e-mail v us v at v .
Notice
Medicine vis van vever-changing vscience. vAs vnew vresearch vand vclinical vexperience vbroaden vour
vknowledge, v changes v in v treatment v and v drug v therapy v are v required. v The v authors v and v the v publisher
v of v this v work v have v checked v with v sources v believed v to v be v reliable v in v their v efforts v to v provide
v information v that v is v complete v and vgenerally vin v accord vwith vthe vstandards vaccepted vat v the vtime vof
v publication. vHowever, vin vview vof vthe v possibility v of v human v error v or v changes v in v medical
v sciences, v neither v the v authors v nor v the v publisher v nor v any v other v party v who v has v been v involved v in
v the v preparation v or v publication v of v this v work v warrants v that v the v information vcontained vherein vis vin
vevery vrespect vaccurate vor vcomplete, vand vthey vdisclaim vall vresponsibility vfor vany verrors vor vomissions vor
vfor vthe vresults vobtained vfrom vuse vof vthe vinformation vcontained vin vthis vwork. v Readers vare vencouraged
vto vconfirm vthe vinformation vcontained vherein vwith vother vsources. vFor vexample vand v in vparticular, vreaders
vare vadvised vto vcheck vthe vproduct vinformation vsheet vincluded vin vthe vpackage vof veach v drug vthey vplan
vto vadminister vto vbe vcertain vthat vthe vinformation vcontained vin vthis vwork vis vaccurate vand vthat v changes
v have v not v been v made v in v the v recommended v dose v or v in v the v contraindications v for v administration.
vThis vrecommendation vis vof vparticular vimportance vin vconnection vwith vnew vor vinfrequently vused vdrugs.
TERMS vOF vUSE
This vis va vcopyrighted vwork vand vMcGraw-Hill vEducation, vLLC. vand vits vlicensors vreserve vall vrights vin
vand v to v the v work. v Use v of v this v work v is v subject v to v these v terms. v Except v as v permitted v under v the
v Copyright v Act v of v 1976 v and vthe v right v to vstore v and v retrieve v one v copy vof v the v work, v you v may vnot
v decompile, vdisassemble, v reverse v engineer, v reproduce, v modify, v create v derivative v works v based
v upon, v transmit, v distribute, v disseminate, vsell, vpublish vor vsublicense vthe vwork vor vany vpart vof vit vwithout
vMcGraw-Hill vEducation’s vprior v consent. vYou vmay vuse vthe vwork vfor vyour vown vnoncommercial vand
vpersonal vuse; vany vother vuse vof vthe vwork v is vstrictly vprohibited. vYour vright vto vuse vthe vwork vmay vbe
vterminated vif vyou vfail vto vcomply vwith vthese vterms.
THE v WORK v IS v PROVIDED v “AS v IS.” v McGRAW-HILL v EDUCATION vAND v ITS v LICENSORS
v MAKE v NO v GUARANTEES v OR v WARRANTIES v AS v TO v THE vACCURACY, v ADEQUACY v OR
v COMPLETENESS v OF v OR v RESULTS v TO v BE v OBTAINED v FROM v USING v THE v WORK,
v INCLUDING v ANY v INFORMATION v THAT v CAN v BE v ACCESSED v v THROUGH v v THE v
v WORK v VIA vHYPERLINK v OR v OTHERWISE, vAND v EXPRESSLY v DISCLAIM v ANY v
vWARRANTY, v EXPRESS v OR v IMPLIED, v INCLUDING v BUT v NOT v LIMITED v TO
v IMPLIED v WARRANTIES v OF v MERCHANTABILITY v OR v FITNESS v FOR vA
v PARTICULAR v PURPOSE. v McGraw-Hill v Education
and v its v licensors v do v not v warrant v or v guarantee v that v the v functions v contained v in v the v work v will
v meet v your v requirements v or v that v its v operation v will v be v uninterrupted v or v error v free. v Neither
v McGraw-Hill v Education v nor v its v licensors v shall v be v liable v to v you v or v anyone v else v for v any
v inaccuracy, v error v or v omission, v regardless vof vcause, vin vthe vwork vor vfor vany vdamages vresulting
vtherefrom. vMcGraw-Hill vEducation vhas vno v responsibility vfor vthe vcontent vof vany vinformation vaccessed
vthrough vthe vwork. vUnder vno vcircumstances vshall v McGraw-Hill v Education v and/or v its v licensors v be
v liable v for v any v indirect, v incidental, v special, v punitive, v consequential vor v similar v damages v that
v result vfrom vthe v use v of vor vinability vto vuse vthe v work, v even v if vany v of v them vhas vbeen vadvised v of vthe
, possibility vof vsuch vdamages. vThis vlimitation vof vliability vshall vapply vto vany v claim vor vcause
v
whatsoever vwhether vsuch vclaim vor vcause varises vin vcontract, vtort vor votherwise.
v
