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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY,FIFTHEDITION /F /F /F
CHAPTER 1:CELLS:THEFUNDAMENTAL UNITSOFLIFE
l /f /f /f /f /f
UnityandDiversityofCells /f
1-1 Livingsystemsareincrediblydiverselinsize, shape, environment, andbehavior. It is estimatedthatthere ar /f /f /f /f /f /f /f
elbetweenl10 million and 100 milliondifferentlspecies. Despitelthiswidelvarietyoforganisms,itlremainsdi
/f /f /f /f /f /f
fficultlto definelwhat itlmeanstosaysomethingisalive. Whichofthefollowing can beldescribed as thelsmal
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f /f
lestlivingunit?
/f /f
(a) DNA(b) cell /f
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicatelwhetherthefollowingstatementsare true or false. If thelstatementlis false, explainwhyitisfals /f /f /f /f /f /f /f
e.
/f
A. ThelParamecium islamulticellularmicroorganismcoveredwithhairlikecilia. / f
B. Cellslofdifferent typescanhavedifferent chemicalrequirements. C. /f /f /f
Thelbranchlikeextensionsthatlsproutfromlasinglenervecellinla
/f /f /f
mammalianbraincanlextendoverseveralhundredlmicrometers.
/f /f /f
1-3 Foreachofthelfollowinglsentences,lfill intheblankswiththelbestwordorphraseselectedfromthelistbe /f
/ low. Notallwordsorphraseswillbelused; each wordorphraseshouldbelusedonlyonce.
f /f /f /f
Cellscanbeverydiverse:superficially,theycomeinlvarioussizes,ranginglfromlbacteriallcel
/f /f /f /f /f
lssuchlas Lactobacillus,lwhich is alfew
/f /f /f /f
inlength, to largercellslsuch as a frog’s egg, which hasadiameterofabouto
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f /f
/f ne
.Despiteltheldiversity,cellsresembleeachothertoanastonishingdegreeinlt
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f
/f heirchemistry. Forexample, thesame20 /f /f /f
areusedtomakeproteins. Similarly, the geneticinformation ofall cells islst /f /f /f /f /f /f
/f oredintheir
.Although
containthesametypeslofmolecules ascells, their inabilityto reproducethe /f /f /f /f
/f mselvesbytheirownleffortsmeansthattheyarelnotconsideredlivingmatter.
aminoacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s) yeast
fattyacids plants
/f
meter
/f plasmamembranes
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1-4 Howdoescellularspecializationservelmulticellularorganismslandhowmightlahig
/ hdegreeofspecializationbedetrimental?
f /f
1-5 Thelflowofgeneticinformationliscontrolledbyaserieslofbiochemical reactionsthat /f
resultlinlthelproduction ofproteins, eachlwith itsownspecificorderofaminoacids. C
/f /f /f /f /f
hoosethecorrectlseriesofbiochemical reactionslfromtheoptionspresentedhere.
/f /f /f
(a) replication, transcription, translation
/f /f
(b) replication, translation, transcription
/f /f
(c) translation, transcription, replication
/f /f
(d) translation, replication, transcription
/f /f
1-6 Proteinsareimportantarchitecturallandcatalyticcomponents withinthecell,lhelping /f
todetermineitslchemistry, its shape,landitsabilitytorespondtochangesinthelenviro
/f /f /f
nment. Remarkably, all ofthedifferentlproteins inacell arelmadefromthesame 20
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f
. Bylinkingthemlindifferentsequences, thecelllcanm /f /f
akelprotein moleculeswithldifferentconformationslandsurfacechemistries,andthere
/f /f
foredifferentfunctions.
/f /f
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminoacids.
(d) fattyacids./f
1-7 Whichstatementis NOTtrueaboutmutations? /f /f
(a) Amutation islachangeintheDNAthatcangenerateloffspringlessfitforsurv
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f
ivalthantheirparents.
/f
(b) AmutationcanbearesultofimperfectlDNAduplication.
/f /f
(c) Amutation isaresultofsexualreproduction.
/f
(d) Amutationisachangeinthe DNAthatlcanlgenerateloffspringthatareasfit fo /f /f /f /f
rsurvivalastheirparentsare.
/f /f /f
1-8 Changesin DNAsequencefromlonegenerationtothenextmayresult inoffspringthat
/f /f
arelalteredlinlfitness comparedwithltheirparents. Theprocessofchangeandselection
/f /f /f
overthecourseofmanygenerationslisthebasisof
/f .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selecttheoptionthatbestfinishesthefollowingstatement:―Evolution islapro
/f /f /f
cess
/f .‖
(a) that can beunderstoodlbasedonlthelprinciplesofmutationandselection.
/f /f
(b) thatresultslfromrepeatedcyclesofadaptationoverbillionsof years. / f / f
(c) bywhichallpresent-daycellsarosefrom4–5differentancestralcells.
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f
(d) thatrequireshundredsofthousands lof years. /f
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1-10 Selecttheoptionthatcorrectlyfinishesthefollowinglstatement: ―Alcell’s genome /f / f
.‖
(a) isdefined aslallthegeneslbeinglusedtomakeprotein./f /f
(b) containsallofacell’s DNA. /f
(c) constantlychanges, dependinguponthecell’slenvironment. /f
(d) isaltered duringlembryonicdevelopment. /f
CellsUnderthe Microscope l
1-11 WhichstatementisNOTtrueabouttheevents/conclusionsfromlstudiesduringthel
/f /f
mid-1800ssurroundingltheldiscoveryofcells?
/ f
(a) Cellslcametobeknownasthesmallestuniversalbuildinglblockoflivinglorg /f /f
anisms.
/f
(b) Scientists cameltothelconclusionthatnewcells can formlspontaneouslyfro
/f /f /f
mlthelremnantsofrupturedcells.
/f /f
(c) Lightmicroscopywasessential indemonstratingthecommonalitiesbe
/f /f
tweenplantandanimaltissues.
/f /f
(d) Newcellsarisefromlthelgrowthandldivisionofpreviouslyexistingcells.
1-12 Whatunitoflengthwouldyou / f / f generallyusetolmeasurealtypicallplantoranimalcell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchltheltypelofmicroscopyontheleftwiththecorrespondingdescriptionpro / f
videdbelow.Therelisonelbestmatchforeach.
/ f /f
A. confocal
B. transmissionlelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanninglelectron
F. bright-field
useslalightmicroscopewith an optical componenttotakeladvantagelofthe
/ f / f /f /f /f /f
differentrefractivelindicesoflightpassingthroughdifferentlregionsofthelcell
/f
.
/ employsalightmicroscopeandrequiresthatsamples befixedandstainedi
f / f /f
nordertorevealcellulardetails.
/ f
requirestheuseofltwosetsoffilters.Thefirstfilternarrowslthelwavelengthrangeth /f /f
atlreachesthespecimenandlthelsecondblocksoutallwavelengthsthatpassba
/ f /f
ckluptoltheleyepieceexceptlforthoselemittedbytheldyeinthesample.
/f /f
scansthespecimenwithlafocusedlaserbeamtoobtainlaseriesoftwo- / f
/ dimensionalopticalsections, which can beusedtoreconstruct an imageof
f /f /f /f /f /f
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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY,FIFTHEDITION /F /F /F
CHAPTER 1:CELLS:THEFUNDAMENTAL UNITSOFLIFE
l /f /f /f /f /f
UnityandDiversityofCells /f
1-1 Livingsystemsareincrediblydiverselinsize, shape, environment, andbehavior. It is estimatedthatthere ar /f /f /f /f /f /f /f
elbetweenl10 million and 100 milliondifferentlspecies. Despitelthiswidelvarietyoforganisms,itlremainsdi
/f /f /f /f /f /f
fficultlto definelwhat itlmeanstosaysomethingisalive. Whichofthefollowing can beldescribed as thelsmal
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f /f
lestlivingunit?
/f /f
(a) DNA(b) cell /f
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicatelwhetherthefollowingstatementsare true or false. If thelstatementlis false, explainwhyitisfals /f /f /f /f /f /f /f
e.
/f
A. ThelParamecium islamulticellularmicroorganismcoveredwithhairlikecilia. / f
B. Cellslofdifferent typescanhavedifferent chemicalrequirements. C. /f /f /f
Thelbranchlikeextensionsthatlsproutfromlasinglenervecellinla
/f /f /f
mammalianbraincanlextendoverseveralhundredlmicrometers.
/f /f /f
1-3 Foreachofthelfollowinglsentences,lfill intheblankswiththelbestwordorphraseselectedfromthelistbe /f
/ low. Notallwordsorphraseswillbelused; each wordorphraseshouldbelusedonlyonce.
f /f /f /f
Cellscanbeverydiverse:superficially,theycomeinlvarioussizes,ranginglfromlbacteriallcel
/f /f /f /f /f
lssuchlas Lactobacillus,lwhich is alfew
/f /f /f /f
inlength, to largercellslsuch as a frog’s egg, which hasadiameterofabouto
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f /f
/f ne
.Despiteltheldiversity,cellsresembleeachothertoanastonishingdegreeinlt
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f
/f heirchemistry. Forexample, thesame20 /f /f /f
areusedtomakeproteins. Similarly, the geneticinformation ofall cells islst /f /f /f /f /f /f
/f oredintheir
.Although
containthesametypeslofmolecules ascells, their inabilityto reproducethe /f /f /f /f
/f mselvesbytheirownleffortsmeansthattheyarelnotconsideredlivingmatter.
aminoacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s) yeast
fattyacids plants
/f
meter
/f plasmamembranes
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1-4 Howdoescellularspecializationservelmulticellularorganismslandhowmightlahig
/ hdegreeofspecializationbedetrimental?
f /f
1-5 Thelflowofgeneticinformationliscontrolledbyaserieslofbiochemical reactionsthat /f
resultlinlthelproduction ofproteins, eachlwith itsownspecificorderofaminoacids. C
/f /f /f /f /f
hoosethecorrectlseriesofbiochemical reactionslfromtheoptionspresentedhere.
/f /f /f
(a) replication, transcription, translation
/f /f
(b) replication, translation, transcription
/f /f
(c) translation, transcription, replication
/f /f
(d) translation, replication, transcription
/f /f
1-6 Proteinsareimportantarchitecturallandcatalyticcomponents withinthecell,lhelping /f
todetermineitslchemistry, its shape,landitsabilitytorespondtochangesinthelenviro
/f /f /f
nment. Remarkably, all ofthedifferentlproteins inacell arelmadefromthesame 20
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f
. Bylinkingthemlindifferentsequences, thecelllcanm /f /f
akelprotein moleculeswithldifferentconformationslandsurfacechemistries,andthere
/f /f
foredifferentfunctions.
/f /f
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminoacids.
(d) fattyacids./f
1-7 Whichstatementis NOTtrueaboutmutations? /f /f
(a) Amutation islachangeintheDNAthatcangenerateloffspringlessfitforsurv
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f
ivalthantheirparents.
/f
(b) AmutationcanbearesultofimperfectlDNAduplication.
/f /f
(c) Amutation isaresultofsexualreproduction.
/f
(d) Amutationisachangeinthe DNAthatlcanlgenerateloffspringthatareasfit fo /f /f /f /f
rsurvivalastheirparentsare.
/f /f /f
1-8 Changesin DNAsequencefromlonegenerationtothenextmayresult inoffspringthat
/f /f
arelalteredlinlfitness comparedwithltheirparents. Theprocessofchangeandselection
/f /f /f
overthecourseofmanygenerationslisthebasisof
/f .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selecttheoptionthatbestfinishesthefollowingstatement:―Evolution islapro
/f /f /f
cess
/f .‖
(a) that can beunderstoodlbasedonlthelprinciplesofmutationandselection.
/f /f
(b) thatresultslfromrepeatedcyclesofadaptationoverbillionsof years. / f / f
(c) bywhichallpresent-daycellsarosefrom4–5differentancestralcells.
/f /f /f /f /f /f /f
(d) thatrequireshundredsofthousands lof years. /f
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1-10 Selecttheoptionthatcorrectlyfinishesthefollowinglstatement: ―Alcell’s genome /f / f
.‖
(a) isdefined aslallthegeneslbeinglusedtomakeprotein./f /f
(b) containsallofacell’s DNA. /f
(c) constantlychanges, dependinguponthecell’slenvironment. /f
(d) isaltered duringlembryonicdevelopment. /f
CellsUnderthe Microscope l
1-11 WhichstatementisNOTtrueabouttheevents/conclusionsfromlstudiesduringthel
/f /f
mid-1800ssurroundingltheldiscoveryofcells?
/ f
(a) Cellslcametobeknownasthesmallestuniversalbuildinglblockoflivinglorg /f /f
anisms.
/f
(b) Scientists cameltothelconclusionthatnewcells can formlspontaneouslyfro
/f /f /f
mlthelremnantsofrupturedcells.
/f /f
(c) Lightmicroscopywasessential indemonstratingthecommonalitiesbe
/f /f
tweenplantandanimaltissues.
/f /f
(d) Newcellsarisefromlthelgrowthandldivisionofpreviouslyexistingcells.
1-12 Whatunitoflengthwouldyou / f / f generallyusetolmeasurealtypicallplantoranimalcell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchltheltypelofmicroscopyontheleftwiththecorrespondingdescriptionpro / f
videdbelow.Therelisonelbestmatchforeach.
/ f /f
A. confocal
B. transmissionlelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanninglelectron
F. bright-field
useslalightmicroscopewith an optical componenttotakeladvantagelofthe
/ f / f /f /f /f /f
differentrefractivelindicesoflightpassingthroughdifferentlregionsofthelcell
/f
.
/ employsalightmicroscopeandrequiresthatsamples befixedandstainedi
f / f /f
nordertorevealcellulardetails.
/ f
requirestheuseofltwosetsoffilters.Thefirstfilternarrowslthelwavelengthrangeth /f /f
atlreachesthespecimenandlthelsecondblocksoutallwavelengthsthatpassba
/ f /f
ckluptoltheleyepieceexceptlforthoselemittedbytheldyeinthesample.
/f /f
scansthespecimenwithlafocusedlaserbeamtoobtainlaseriesoftwo- / f
/ dimensionalopticalsections, which can beusedtoreconstruct an imageof
f /f /f /f /f /f
