PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 4 EXAMINATION
TEST SOLVED QUESTIONS AND COURSE
NOTES GRADED A+ 2026.
◍ The Primary Functions of the Urinary System. Ans: 1.
*Filtration*: removes solute waste from blood
2. *Reabsorption*: controls blood concentration and composition
3. *Excretion*: rids the body of excess fluids and electrolytes
◍ Normal Findings of a Bladder Assessment. Ans: the bladder
normally is *not palpable*, but it should be *midline*
◍ Assessment Findings of a Distended Bladder. Ans: - can be
palpated at any point between symphysis pubis to umbilicus
- felt as a firm, rounded organ
- *indicates urinary retention*
- palpation may produce overflow incontinence in older adults
◍ Laboratory Tests for Urinary Elimination. Ans: - Urinalysis
- BUN/Creatinine Test
- 24 Hour Urine Collection
◍ Urinalysis. Ans: can be collected midstream or via catheter to
identify UTI, presence of RBCs and WBCs, culture and sensitivity,
specific gravity, pH, glucose, etc
,- clean catch technique
- use a sterile container
- clean the area, pee in the toilet a little, then pee in the cup
◍ BUN/Creatinine Test. Ans: a common *blood test* used to assess
renal function (elevated with renal dysfunction)
◍ 24 Hour Urine Collection. Ans: determines glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) and the amount of creatinine cleared through the kidneys;
determines how well the kidneys are filtering the urine
- *discard the first void*
- collect urine for 24 hours and refrigerate it or put the samples on ice
- if you miss a void, START OVER
◍ Diagnostic Tests for Urinary Elimination. Ans: - Bedside
sonography with a bladder scanner
- Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)
- Intravenous pyelogram
◍ Bedside Sonography with a Bladder Scanner. Ans: a noninvasive
portable ultrasound scanner used to assess bladder emptying
(measures bladder volume and residual volume after peeing)
- point of care testing
◍ Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder (KUB). Ans: an x-ray of the abdominal
area to determine size, shape, and position of these structures
,- not as clear as a IVP
◍ Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP). Ans: involves the injection of x-ray
detectable contrast media (iodine) for viewing of urinary ducts, renal
pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra
- often used to detect kidney stones
- *allergy to shellfish or iodine contraindicates use*
- *Metformin* must be stopped prior to x-ray and held for 48hrs after
(risk for kidney failure and lactic acidosis)
◍ Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Stones. Ans: - mild to severe pain
in the side, back, abdomen, or during urination (stones are moving)
- cloudy or foul-smelling urine
- frequent urination (body trying to eliminate the stone)
- nausea and vomiting (due to the pain)
◍ Interventions for Kidney Stones. Ans: - administer analgesics
(opioids/narcotics)
- lithotripsy (shock wave therapy to break up the stone)
- reduce sodium
- reduce oxalate (spinach, rhubarb, nuts, wheat bran)
- reduce animal protein
- increase fluids
, ◍ Fracture Bed Pan. Ans: for clients who must remain supine and
clients in body or leg casts, or hip/pelvic fractures
- risk for skin breakdown
◍ Regular Bed Pan. Ans: for clients who can sit up
- risk for skin breakdown
◍ How to Promote Urination. Ans: - run water
- sit the patient up
- pour warm (tepid) water over the bladder
- put them in a warm bath
- provide privacy
- allow adequate time
◍ What is the most important electrolyte to monitor related to the
urinary system?. Ans: Potassium
◍ Process of Urination. Ans: 1. urine collects in the bladder
2. stretch receptors are stimulated (usually when 250mL to 450mL
collects)
3. impulses transmitted to voiding reflex center
4. internal sphincter relaxes (results in the urge to void)
5. external urethral sphincter muscle relaxes
6. urine is eliminated through the urethra
TEST SOLVED QUESTIONS AND COURSE
NOTES GRADED A+ 2026.
◍ The Primary Functions of the Urinary System. Ans: 1.
*Filtration*: removes solute waste from blood
2. *Reabsorption*: controls blood concentration and composition
3. *Excretion*: rids the body of excess fluids and electrolytes
◍ Normal Findings of a Bladder Assessment. Ans: the bladder
normally is *not palpable*, but it should be *midline*
◍ Assessment Findings of a Distended Bladder. Ans: - can be
palpated at any point between symphysis pubis to umbilicus
- felt as a firm, rounded organ
- *indicates urinary retention*
- palpation may produce overflow incontinence in older adults
◍ Laboratory Tests for Urinary Elimination. Ans: - Urinalysis
- BUN/Creatinine Test
- 24 Hour Urine Collection
◍ Urinalysis. Ans: can be collected midstream or via catheter to
identify UTI, presence of RBCs and WBCs, culture and sensitivity,
specific gravity, pH, glucose, etc
,- clean catch technique
- use a sterile container
- clean the area, pee in the toilet a little, then pee in the cup
◍ BUN/Creatinine Test. Ans: a common *blood test* used to assess
renal function (elevated with renal dysfunction)
◍ 24 Hour Urine Collection. Ans: determines glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) and the amount of creatinine cleared through the kidneys;
determines how well the kidneys are filtering the urine
- *discard the first void*
- collect urine for 24 hours and refrigerate it or put the samples on ice
- if you miss a void, START OVER
◍ Diagnostic Tests for Urinary Elimination. Ans: - Bedside
sonography with a bladder scanner
- Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)
- Intravenous pyelogram
◍ Bedside Sonography with a Bladder Scanner. Ans: a noninvasive
portable ultrasound scanner used to assess bladder emptying
(measures bladder volume and residual volume after peeing)
- point of care testing
◍ Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder (KUB). Ans: an x-ray of the abdominal
area to determine size, shape, and position of these structures
,- not as clear as a IVP
◍ Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP). Ans: involves the injection of x-ray
detectable contrast media (iodine) for viewing of urinary ducts, renal
pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra
- often used to detect kidney stones
- *allergy to shellfish or iodine contraindicates use*
- *Metformin* must be stopped prior to x-ray and held for 48hrs after
(risk for kidney failure and lactic acidosis)
◍ Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Stones. Ans: - mild to severe pain
in the side, back, abdomen, or during urination (stones are moving)
- cloudy or foul-smelling urine
- frequent urination (body trying to eliminate the stone)
- nausea and vomiting (due to the pain)
◍ Interventions for Kidney Stones. Ans: - administer analgesics
(opioids/narcotics)
- lithotripsy (shock wave therapy to break up the stone)
- reduce sodium
- reduce oxalate (spinach, rhubarb, nuts, wheat bran)
- reduce animal protein
- increase fluids
, ◍ Fracture Bed Pan. Ans: for clients who must remain supine and
clients in body or leg casts, or hip/pelvic fractures
- risk for skin breakdown
◍ Regular Bed Pan. Ans: for clients who can sit up
- risk for skin breakdown
◍ How to Promote Urination. Ans: - run water
- sit the patient up
- pour warm (tepid) water over the bladder
- put them in a warm bath
- provide privacy
- allow adequate time
◍ What is the most important electrolyte to monitor related to the
urinary system?. Ans: Potassium
◍ Process of Urination. Ans: 1. urine collects in the bladder
2. stretch receptors are stimulated (usually when 250mL to 450mL
collects)
3. impulses transmitted to voiding reflex center
4. internal sphincter relaxes (results in the urge to void)
5. external urethral sphincter muscle relaxes
6. urine is eliminated through the urethra
