1. motivation: set of factors that initiate and direct behavior
2. emotion: complex psychological event often associated with motivation; involve a physiological reaction, expres-
sion reaction, or subjective experience
3. internal factors: consist of instincts and drive
4. instincts: unlearned characteristic patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli in the
world; not thought to be an important factor in explaining goal-directed behavior in humans
5. primary drive: a psychological state that arises in response to an internal physiological need, such as hunger
or thirst
6. secondary drive: a drive learned by association with a primary drive (e.g. the need for money)
7. homeostasis: the process through which the body maintains a steady steate, such as a constant internal
temperature or an adequate amount of fluids
8. proximate factors: causes of behavior that derive from an organism's immediate internal or external
environment
9. ultimate factors: causes of behavior that refer to evolutionaily adaptive significance and reproductive
consequences for the organism
10. incentive motivation: external factors in the environment-such as money, an attractive person, or tasty
food-that exert pulling ettects on people's actions
11. achievement motive: a need that varies in strength across individuals; its strength on any given tasḱ
depends on (1) expectations about success and (2) how much value a person places on succeeding at the tasḱ
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, 12. intrinsic motivation: goal-directed behavior that seems to be entirely self-motivated
13. need hierarchy: the idea popularized by Maslow that human needs are prioritized in a hierarchy; some
needs, esp. physiological ones, must be satisfied before others, such as the need for achievement or self-actualization,
can be pursued
14. glucose: a ḱind of sugar that cells require for energy production
15. insulin: a hormone released by the pancreas that helps pump nutrients in the blood into the cells, where they can
be stored as fat or metabolized into needed energy
16. leptin: a hormone that may regulate the amount of energy stored in fat cells
17. ventromedial hypothalamus: a portion of the hypothalamus that, when lesioned, causes an animal to
typically overeat and gain a large amount of weight; once thought to be a ḱind of "stop eating," or satiety, centre in
the brain; its role in eating behavior is currently unḱnown
18. lateral hypothalamus: a portion of the hypothalamus that, when lesioned, causes an animal to be
reluctant to eat; probably plays some role in eating behavior; but the precise role is unḱnown
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2. emotion: complex psychological event often associated with motivation; involve a physiological reaction, expres-
sion reaction, or subjective experience
3. internal factors: consist of instincts and drive
4. instincts: unlearned characteristic patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli in the
world; not thought to be an important factor in explaining goal-directed behavior in humans
5. primary drive: a psychological state that arises in response to an internal physiological need, such as hunger
or thirst
6. secondary drive: a drive learned by association with a primary drive (e.g. the need for money)
7. homeostasis: the process through which the body maintains a steady steate, such as a constant internal
temperature or an adequate amount of fluids
8. proximate factors: causes of behavior that derive from an organism's immediate internal or external
environment
9. ultimate factors: causes of behavior that refer to evolutionaily adaptive significance and reproductive
consequences for the organism
10. incentive motivation: external factors in the environment-such as money, an attractive person, or tasty
food-that exert pulling ettects on people's actions
11. achievement motive: a need that varies in strength across individuals; its strength on any given tasḱ
depends on (1) expectations about success and (2) how much value a person places on succeeding at the tasḱ
1/
15
, 12. intrinsic motivation: goal-directed behavior that seems to be entirely self-motivated
13. need hierarchy: the idea popularized by Maslow that human needs are prioritized in a hierarchy; some
needs, esp. physiological ones, must be satisfied before others, such as the need for achievement or self-actualization,
can be pursued
14. glucose: a ḱind of sugar that cells require for energy production
15. insulin: a hormone released by the pancreas that helps pump nutrients in the blood into the cells, where they can
be stored as fat or metabolized into needed energy
16. leptin: a hormone that may regulate the amount of energy stored in fat cells
17. ventromedial hypothalamus: a portion of the hypothalamus that, when lesioned, causes an animal to
typically overeat and gain a large amount of weight; once thought to be a ḱind of "stop eating," or satiety, centre in
the brain; its role in eating behavior is currently unḱnown
18. lateral hypothalamus: a portion of the hypothalamus that, when lesioned, causes an animal to be
reluctant to eat; probably plays some role in eating behavior; but the precise role is unḱnown
2/
15
